{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:44:49Z","timestamp":1760240689199,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H1699f0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H1699f0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MIDAS cooperative agreement","award":["U54 GM088558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM088558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal studies aimed at understanding influenza virus mutations that change host specificity to adapt to replication in mammalian hosts are necessarily limited in sample numbers due to high cost and safety requirements. As a safe, higher-throughput alternative, we explore the possibility of using readily available passage bias data obtained mostly from seasonal H1 and H3 influenza strains that were differentially grown in mammalian (MDCK) and avian cells (eggs). Using a statistical approach over 80,000 influenza hemagglutinin sequences with passage information, we found that passage bias sites are most commonly found in three regions: (i) the globular head domain around the receptor binding site, (ii) the region that undergoes pH-dependent structural changes and (iii) the unstructured N-terminal region harbouring the signal peptide. Passage bias sites were consistent among different passage cell types as well as between influenza A subtypes. We also find epistatic interactions of site pairs supporting the notion of host-specific dependency of mutations on virus genomic background. The sites identified from our large-scale sequence analysis substantially overlap with known host adaptation sites in the WHO H5N1 genetic changes inventory suggesting information from passage bias can provide candidate sites for host specificity changes to aid in risk assessment for emerging strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8090958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influenza A Hemagglutinin Passage Bias Sites and Host Specificity Mutations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Raphael T. C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore 2 Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Singapore 308442, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Han","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin A.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lipsitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Maurer-Stroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore 2 Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Singapore 308442, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.009","article-title":"Transmission of Influenza A Viruses","volume":"479","author":"Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.049","article-title":"Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: From exposure to establishment in humans","volume":"30","author":"Reperant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv039","article-title":"Influenza A virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential","volume":"40","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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