{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:28:40Z","timestamp":1773660520429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA042348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA042348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen exosomes (SE) from HIV-uninfected (HIV\u2212) individuals potently inhibit HIV infection in vitro. However, morphological changes in target cells in response to SE have not been characterized or have the effect of HIV infection or the use of illicit substances, specifically psychostimulants, on the function of SE been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection, psychostimulant use, and both together on SE-mediated regulation of monocyte function. SE were isolated from semen of HIV\u2212 and HIV-infected (HIV+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants who reported either using or not using psychostimulants. The SE samples were thus designated as HIV\u2212Drug\u2212, HIV\u2212Drug+, HIV+Drug\u2212, and HIV+Drug+. U937 monocytes were treated with different SEs and analyzed for changes in transcriptome, morphometrics, actin reorganization, adhesion, and chemotaxis. HIV infection and\/or use of psychostimulants had minimal effects on the physical characteristics of SE. However, different SEs had diverse effects on the messenger RNA signature of monocytes and rapidly induced monocyte adhesion and spreading. SE from HIV infected or psychostimulants users but not HIV\u2212Drug\u2212 SE, stimulated actin reorganization, leading to the formation of filopodia-like structures and membrane ruffles containing F-actin and vinculin that in some cases were colocalized. All SE stimulated monocyte chemotaxis to HIV secretome and activated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, a phenotype exacerbated by HIV infection and psychostimulant use. SE-directed regulation of cellular morphometrics and chemotaxis depended on the donor clinical status because HIV infection and psychostimulant use altered SE function. Although our inclusion criteria specified the use of cocaine, humans are poly-drug and alcohol users and our study participants used psychostimulants, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol. Thus, it is possible that the effects observed in this study may be due to one of these other substances or due to an interaction between different substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8091027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1567585693000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Use of Illicit Substances Promote Secretion of Semen Exosomes that Enhance Monocyte Adhesion and Induce Actin Reorganization and Chemotactic Migration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-0809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Kaddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kopcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler D.","family":"Panzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Shouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Martinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Otoniel","family":"Martinez-Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Margolick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21207, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chioma M.","family":"Okeoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1086\/505147","article-title":"The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States","volume":"194","author":"Walensky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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