{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:52:35Z","timestamp":1783691555395,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]],"date-time":"2019-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR059742; P30AR066524;P20GM12345; P01HL088594; UL1RR025011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR059742; P30AR066524;P20GM12345; P01HL088594; UL1RR025011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001946","name":"American Skin Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAA8133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAA8133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Louisiana at Monroe College of Pharmacy Faculty Research Seed grant","award":["5CALHN-260615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5CALHN-260615"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease that involves the interaction of immune and skin cells, and is characterized by cytokine-driven epidermal hyperplasia, deviant differentiation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Because the available treatments for psoriasis have significant limitations, dietary products are potential natural sources of therapeutic molecules, which can repair the molecular defects associated with psoriasis and could possibly be developed for its management. Fisetin (3,7,3\u2032,4\u2032-tetrahydroxyflavone), a phytochemical naturally found in pigmented fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated proapoptotic and antioxidant effects in several malignancies. This study utilized biochemical, cellular, pharmacological, and tissue engineering tools to characterize the effects of fisetin on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and CD4+ T lymphocytes in 2D and 3D psoriasis-like disease models. Fisetin treatment of NHEKs dose- and time-dependently induced differentiation and inhibited interleukin-22-induced proliferation, as well as activation of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway. Fisetin treatment of TNF-\u03b1 stimulated NHEKs also significantly inhibited the activation of p38 and JNK, but had enhanced effect on ERK1\/2 (MAPK). In addition, fisetin treatment significantly decreased the secretion of Th1\/Th-17 pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A by 12-O-tetradecanolylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated NHEKs and anti-CD3\/CD28-activated human PBMCs. Furthermore, we established the in vivo relevance of fisetin functions, using a 3D full-thickness human skin model of psoriasis (FTRHSP) that closely mimics in vivo human psoriatic skin lesions. Herein, fisetin significantly ameliorated psoriasis-like disease features, and decreased the production of IL-17 by CD4+ T lymphocytes co-cultured with FTRHSP. Collectively, our data identify the prodifferentiative, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects of fisetin, via modulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and p38\/JNK pathways and the production of cytokines in 2D and 3D human skin models of psoriasis. These results suggest that fisetin has a great potential to be developed as an effective and inexpensive agent for the treatment of psoriasis and other related inflammatory skin disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8091089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T03:17:57Z","timestamp":1568603877000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Fisetin, a 3,7,3\u2032,4\u2032-Tetrahydroxyflavone Inhibits the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR and MAPK Pathways and Ameliorates Psoriasis Pathology in 2D and 3D Organotypic Human Inflammatory Skin Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3927-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Christopher","family":"Chamcheu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Esnault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2048-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaqar M.","family":"Adhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergette","family":"Banang-Mbeumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tithi","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitanshu S.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shile","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA"},{"name":"Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin G.","family":"Kousoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.033969","article-title":"Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease","volume":"122","author":"Sandilands","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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