{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1782129738999,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the greatest challenges in neuro-oncology is diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), brain metastasis (BM) and brain tumors (BT), which are associated with poor prognosis in patients. Retrospective analyses suggest that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is one of the promising diagnostic targets because CSF passes through central nervous system, harvests tumor-related markers from brain tissue and, then, delivers them into peripheral parts of the human body where CSF can be sampled using minimally invasive and routine clinical procedure. However, limited sensitivity of the established clinical diagnostic cytology in vitro and MRI in vivo together with minimal therapeutic options do not provide patient care at early, potentially treatable, stages of LM, BM and BT. Novel technologies are in demand. This review outlines the advantages, limitations and clinical utility of emerging liquid biopsy in vitro and photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) in vivo for assessment of CSF markers including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNA (miRNA), proteins, exosomes and emboli. The integration of in vitro and in vivo methods, PAFC-guided theranostics of single CTCs and targeted drug delivery are discussed as future perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T03:41:27Z","timestamp":1570074087000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["New Frontiers in Diagnosis and Therapy of Circulating Tumor Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Olga A.","family":"Sindeeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman A.","family":"Verkhovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Sarimollaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas Nanomedicine Center &amp; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina A.","family":"Afanaseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachia St., 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Fedonnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachia St., 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny Yu.","family":"Osintsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachia St., 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena N.","family":"Kurochkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachia St., 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Gorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biophotonics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey M.","family":"Deyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16\/10, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir P.","family":"Zharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Arkansas Nanomedicine Center &amp; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1734-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina I.","family":"Galanzha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (LDT), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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