{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:22:54Z","timestamp":1790306574419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone marrow mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunoregulatory properties and have been used as immune regulators for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Human dental tissue mesenchymal stem cells (DT-MSCs) constitute an attractive alternative to BM-MSCs for potential clinical applications because of their accessibility and easy preparation. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare MSCs from dental pulp (DP-MSCs), gingival tissue (G-MSCs), and periodontal ligament (PDL-MSCs) in terms of their immunosuppressive properties against lymphoid cell populations enriched for CD3+ T cells to determine which MSCs would be the most appropriate for in vivo immunoregulatory applications. BM-MSCs were included as the gold standard. Our results demonstrated, in vitro, that MSCs from DP, G, and PDL showed immunoregulatory properties similar to those from BM, in terms of the cellular proliferation inhibition of both CD4+- and CD8+-activated T-cells. This reduced proliferation in cell co-cultures correlated with the production of interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and the upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in MSCs and cytotoxic T-cell-associated Ag-4 (CTLA-4) in T-cells and increased interleukin-10 and prostaglandin E2 production. Interestingly, we observed differences in the production of cytokines and surface and secreted molecules that may participate in T-cell immunosuppression in co-cultures in the presence of DT-MSCs compared with BM-MSCs. Importantly, MSCs from four sources favored the generation of T-cell subsets displaying the regulatory phenotypes CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+. Our results in vitro indicate that, in addition to BM-MSCs, MSCs from all of the dental sources analyzed in this study might be candidates for future therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells Derived from Dental Tissues: A Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Their Immunoregulatory Properties Against T cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"De la Rosa-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), POST 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgraduate in Production Sciences and Animal Health, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research of the Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Adri\u00e1n","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), POST 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Monroy-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cancer Laboratory; Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-3782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Mayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopoietic Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladis","family":"Fragoso-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research, Immunology Departament, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Caballero-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, 80246 Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Candanedo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE), National Medical Center (IMSS), 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), POST 06720 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.1970.tb00347.x","article-title":"The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells","volume":"3","author":"Friedenstein","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143","article-title":"Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"284","author":"Pittenger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516574","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3516574","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord, Dental Pulp, and Menstrual Blood as Sources for Cell Therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1559","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses","volume":"105","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3909","article-title":"Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation","volume":"103","author":"Meisel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968213","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/968213","article-title":"Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Prophylaxis of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease-A Phase II Study","volume":"2012","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. 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