{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:54:05Z","timestamp":1790394845973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) is a Janus-faced kinase, which, in the nervous system, plays important roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. Three genes, encoding for 10 JNK isoforms, have been identified: jnk1, jnk2, and jnk3. In the developing spinal cord, JNK proteins control neuronal polarity, axon growth\/pathfinding, and programmed cell death; in adulthood they can drive degeneration and regeneration, after pathological insults. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted a role for JNK in motor neuron (MN) diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. In this review we discuss how JNK-dependent signaling regulates apparently contradictory functions in the spinal cord, in both the developmental and adult stages. In addition, we examine the evidence that the specific targeting of JNK signaling pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MN diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:31Z","timestamp":1575544591000},"page":"1576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["JNK Signaling Pathway Involvement in Spinal Cord Neuron Development and Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Schellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Boido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vercelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/353670a0","article-title":"Phosphorylation of c-jun mediated by MAP kinases","volume":"353","author":"Pulverer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/354494a0","article-title":"Oncogenic and transcriptional cooperation with Ha-Ras requires phosphorylation of c-Jun on serines 63 and 73","volume":"354","author":"Smeal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7839144","article-title":"Independent human +MAP-kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms","volume":"267","author":"Raingeaud","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601913486349","article-title":"The 2 Faces of JNK Signaling in Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Tournier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.10.016","article-title":"Physiological roles of MKK4 and MKK7: Insights from animal models","volume":"1773","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. 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