{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:02:50Z","timestamp":1792670570493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":346,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010408","name":"Polpharma Scientific Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/35"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genitourinary cancers (GCs) include a large group of different types of tumors localizing to the kidney, bladder, prostate, testis, and penis. Despite highly divergent molecular patterns, most GCs share commonly disturbed signaling pathways that involve the activity of TGF-\u03b2 (transforming growth factor beta). TGF-\u03b2 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates key cancer-related molecular and cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and chemoresistance. The understanding of the mechanisms of TGF-\u03b2 actions in cancer is hindered by the \u201cTGF-\u03b2 paradox\u201d in which early stages of cancerogenic process are suppressed by TGF-\u03b2 while advanced stages are stimulated by its activity. A growing body of evidence suggests that these paradoxical TGF-\u03b2 actions could result from the interplay with microRNAs: Short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to target transcripts and inducing mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in GCs. Importantly, TGF-\u03b2 signaling and microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression often act in complicated feedback circuits that involve other crucial regulators of cancer progression (e.g., androgen receptor). Furthermore, recently published in vitro and in vivo studies clearly indicate that the interplay between microRNAs and the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway offers new potential treatment options for GC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1576148801000},"page":"1619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["TGF-\u03b2 and microRNA Interplay in Genitourinary Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Boguslawska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education; 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2551-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kryst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Poletajew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5348-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Piekielko-Witkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education; 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3500","article-title":"Beyond TGF beta: Roles of other TGF beta superfamily members in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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