{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:39:37Z","timestamp":1787510377794,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000310","name":"Retina UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000305","name":"National Eye Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAC 020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAC 020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Macular Society UK","award":["PhD Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Studentship"]}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK (ARUK) South Coast Network","award":["Pump-prime award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pump-prime award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is a component of the extracellular environment, where it mediates diverse processes including matrix regulation\/turnover, inflammation and angiogenesis. Rare TIMP-3 risk alleles and mutations are directly linked with retinopathies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Sorsby fundus dystrophy, and potentially, through indirect mechanisms, with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Insights into TIMP-3 activities may be gleaned from studying Sorsby-linked mutations. However, recent findings do not fully support the prevailing hypothesis that a gain of function through the dimerisation of mutated TIMP-3 is responsible for retinopathy. Findings from Alzheimer\u2019s patients suggest a hitherto poorly studied relationship between TIMP-3 and the Alzheimer\u2019s-linked amyloid-beta (A\uf062) proteins that warrant further scrutiny. This may also have implications for understanding AMD as aged\/diseased retinae contain high levels of A\uf062. Findings from TIMP-3 knockout and mutant knock-in mice have not led to new treatments, particularly as the latter does not satisfactorily recapitulate the Sorsby phenotype. However, recent advances in stem cell and in vitro approaches offer novel insights into understanding TIMP-3 pathology in the retina-brain axis, which has so far not been collectively examined. We propose that TIMP-3 activities could extend beyond its hitherto supposed functions to cause age-related changes and disease in these organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Diverse Roles of TIMP-3: Insights into Degenerative Diseases of the Senescent Retina and Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Dewing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana O.","family":"Carare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Lotery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Arjuna","family":"Ratnayaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.01.003","article-title":"The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): An ancient family with structural and functional diversity","volume":"1803","author":"Brew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solda, G., Suyama, M., Pelucchi, P., Boi, S., Guffanti, A., Rizzi, E., Bork, P., Tenchini, M.L., and Ciccarelli, F.D. (2008). Non-random retention of protein-coding overlapping genes in Metazoa. 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