{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:47:51Z","timestamp":1790790471419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF2017-85806-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2017-85806-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. There is compelling evidence indicating that MSC effects are mainly mediated by paracrine mechanisms and in particular by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have thus suggested that EVs may be an alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in tissue repair. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MSC EVs actions in preclinical studies of (1) immune regulation and rheumatoid arthritis, (2) bone repair and bone diseases, (3) cartilage repair and osteoarthritis, (4) intervertebral disk degeneration and (5) skeletal muscle and tendon repair. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying these actions and the perspectives of MSC EVs-based strategies for future treatments of musculoskeletal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Novel Treatments for Musculoskeletal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Alcaraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Vicent A. Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3457-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Compa\u00f1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Vicent A. Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Vicent A. Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Ed. Ciencias de la Salud, 46115 Alfara, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, November 21). Musculoskeletal Conditions. Available online: https:\/\/www.who. int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/musculoskeletal-conditions."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0394-0","article-title":"Secreted trophic factors of mesenchymal stem cells support neurovascular and musculoskeletal therapies","volume":"7","author":"Hofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. 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