{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:21:39Z","timestamp":1791400899250,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/24693-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24693-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/23512-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/23512-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406351\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406351\/2018-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection. Here, we review the biological aspects of microRNAs, focusing on their roles as regulators of gene expression during pathogen\u2013host interactions and their implications in the immune response against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Plasmodium infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1578052507000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["MicroRNAs: Biological Regulators in Pathogen\u2013Host Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie Maia","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 05508-090 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucile Maria","family":"Floeter-Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 05508-090 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Marcia","family":"Muxel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 05508-090 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, J.C.R., Acuna, S.M., Aoki, J.I., Floeter-Winter, L.M., and Muxel, S.M. 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