{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:33:32Z","timestamp":1791480812357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["671881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["671881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["812661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["812661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cluster project Medintech","award":["CNT01_00177_962865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNT01_00177_962865"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innate immune memory is characterized by a modulation in the magnitude with which innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages respond to potential dangers, subsequent to previous exposure to the same or unrelated agents. In this study, we have examined the capacity of gold nanoparticles (AuNP), which are already in use for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, to modulate the innate memory induced by bacterial agents. The induction of innate memory was achieved in vitro by exposing human primary monocytes to bacterial agents (lipopolysaccharide -LPS-, or live Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin -BCG) in the absence or presence of AuNP. After the primary activation, cells were allowed to return to a resting condition, and eventually re-challenged with LPS. The induction of memory was assessed by comparing the response to the LPS challenge of unprimed cells with that of cells primed with bacterial agents and AuNP. The response to LPS was measured as the production of inflammatory (TNF\u03b1, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra). While ineffective in directly inducing innate memory per se, and unable to influence LPS-induced tolerance memory, AuNP significantly affected the memory response of BCG-primed cells, by inhibiting the secondary response in terms of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factor production. The reprogramming of BCG-induced memory towards a tolerance type of reactivity may open promising perspectives for the use of AuNP in immunomodulatory approaches to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Swartzwelter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mangini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinella","family":"Pirozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor F.","family":"Puntes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana C. C.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Italiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Boraschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.02.006","article-title":"Innate immune memory: Towards a better understanding of host defense mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Quintin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3178","article-title":"Innate immune memory: A paradigm shift in understanding host defense","volume":"16","author":"Netea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00799","article-title":"Innate immune memory: Time for adopting a correct terminology","volume":"9","author":"Boraschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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