{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T20:03:35Z","timestamp":1762113815220,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB-1715207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-1715207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch project 223822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch project 223822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial organization of chromosome territories and interactions between interphase chromosomes themselves, as well as with the nuclear periphery, play important roles in epigenetic regulation of the genome function. However, the interplay between inter-chromosomal contacts and chromosome-nuclear envelope attachments in an organism\u2019s development is not well-understood. To address this question, we conducted microscopic analyses of the three-dimensional chromosome organization in malaria mosquitoes. We employed multi-colored oligonucleotide painting probes, spaced 1 Mb apart along the euchromatin, to quantitatively study chromosome territories in larval salivary gland cells and adult ovarian nurse cells of Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, and An. merus. We found that the X chromosome territory has a significantly smaller volume and is more compact than the autosomal arm territories. The number of inter-chromosomal, and the percentage of the chromosome\u2013nuclear envelope, contacts were conserved among the species within the same cell type. However, the percentage of chromosome regions located at the nuclear periphery was typically higher, while the number of inter-chromosomal contacts was lower, in salivary gland cells than in ovarian nurse cells. The inverse correlation was considerably stronger for the autosomes. Consistent with previous theoretical arguments, our data indicate that, at the genome-wide level, there is an inverse relationship between chromosome-nuclear envelope attachments and chromosome\u2013chromosome interactions, which is a key feature of the cell type-specific nuclear architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1580693151000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Three-dimensional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes in Somatic and Germline Tissues of Malaria Mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Phillip","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8468-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Onufriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor V.","family":"Sharakhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Chromosome territories, interchromatin domain compartment, and nuclear matrix: An integrated view of the functional nuclear architecture","volume":"10","author":"Cremer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. 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