{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:43:18Z","timestamp":1792071798057,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well established that breast cancer development and progression depend not only on tumor-cell intrinsic factors but also on its microenvironment and on the host characteristics. There is growing evidence that adipocytes play a role in breast cancer progression. This is supported by: (i) epidemiological studies reporting the association of obesity with a higher cancer risk and poor prognosis, (ii) recent studies demonstrating the existence of a cross-talk between breast cancer cells and adipocytes locally in the breast that leads to acquisition of an aggressive tumor phenotype, and (iii) evidence showing that cancer cachexia applies also to fat tissue and shares similarities with stromal-carcinoma metabolic synergy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiological link between obesity and breast cancer and outlines the results of the tumor-adipocyte crosstalk. We also focus on systemic changes in body fat in patients with cachexia developed in the course of cancer. Moreover, we discuss and compare adipocyte alterations in the three pathological conditions and the mechanisms through which breast cancer progression is induced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T07:35:30Z","timestamp":1583134530000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Adipocytes in Breast Cancer, the Thick and the Thin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Rybinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Agresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Breast Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Breast Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elda","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Triulzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113365jt","article-title":"Adipocyte is a non-trivial, dynamic partner of breast cancer cells","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181","article-title":"Biochemistry of adipose tissue: An endocrine organ","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(95)00534-X","article-title":"Detection of early micrometastases in subcutaneous fat of primary malignant melanoma patients by identification of tyrosinase-mRNA","volume":"32A","author":"Proebstle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-013-9484-y","article-title":"Bone marrow fat: Linking adipocyte-induced inflammation with skeletal metastases","volume":"33","author":"Hardaway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2018.1551688","article-title":"Breast cancer-released exosomes trigger cancer-associated cachexia to promote tumor progression","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.03.002","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment and metabolic synergy in breast cancers: Critical importance of mitochondrial fuels and function","volume":"41","author":"Sotgia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0093-z","article-title":"Adipogenesis and metabolic health","volume":"20","author":"Ghaben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.11.1293","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Structural and functional differences","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E439","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20135","article-title":"Associations of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in obese adults","volume":"21","author":"Neeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-010-9187-8","article-title":"Diverse and active roles for adipocytes during mammary gland growth and function","volume":"15","author":"Hovey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.022","article-title":"Reversible De-differentiation of Mature White Adipocytes into Preadipocyte-like Precursors during Lactation","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407647101","article-title":"Reversible transdifferentiation of secretory epithelial cells into adipocytes in the mammary gland","volume":"101","author":"Morroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.05.007","article-title":"Pink Adipocytes","volume":"29","author":"Cinti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05911-0","article-title":"Adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid dynamics underlie mammary gland remodeling after lactation","volume":"9","author":"Zwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3323","article-title":"Cancer-associated adipocytes exhibit an activated phenotype and contribute to breast cancer invasion","volume":"71","author":"Dirat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2017.11.002","article-title":"Adipocyte biology in breast cancer: From silent bystander to active facilitator","volume":"69","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2492","article-title":"Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth","volume":"17","author":"Nieman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0530","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived fibroblasts promote tumor progression and contribute to the desmoplastic reaction in breast cancer","volume":"73","author":"Bochet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07633","article-title":"Thyrotropin and obesity: Increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2537","article-title":"Cancer-associated adipocytes exhibit distinct phenotypes and facilitate tumor progression in pancreatic cancer","volume":"42","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.10.01","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Dalal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boughanem, H., Cabrera-Mulero, A., Mill\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez, M., Garrido-S\u00e1nchez, L., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F.J., Moreno-Santos, I., and Mac\u00edas-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. (2019). Transcriptional Analysis of FOXO1, C\/EBP-\u03b1 and PPAR-\u03b32 Genes and Their Association with Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10090706"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603360","article-title":"Adipose atrophy in cancer cachexia: Morphologic and molecular analysis of adipose tissue in tumour-bearing mice","volume":"95","author":"Bing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R74","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00425.2016","article-title":"Loss ofUCP1 exacerbates Western diet-induced glycemic dysregulation independent of changes in body weight in female mice","volume":"312","author":"Winn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00411.2010","article-title":"Uncoupling protein 1 expression and high-fat diets","volume":"300","author":"Fromme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Gao, S., Chen, F., Fu, Z., Yin, H., Lu, X., Yu, J., and Lu, C. (2014). Mammary fat of breast cancer: Gene expression profiling and functional characterization. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109742"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2016.07.005","article-title":"Cachexia & brown fat: A burning issue in cancer","volume":"2","author":"Kir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13528","article-title":"Tumour-derived PTH-related protein triggers adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia","volume":"513","author":"Kir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.11.1984","article-title":"The role of lipogenesis in the development of obesity and diabetes in Israeli sand rats (Psammomys obesus)","volume":"128","author":"Lewandowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Adipocyte lipolysis links obesity to breast cancer growth: Adipocyte-derived fatty acids drive breast cancer cell proliferation and migration","volume":"13","author":"Balaban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4585","article-title":"Mechanism of increased lipolysis in cancer cachexia","volume":"67","author":"Agustsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.027508","article-title":"Mild mitochondrial uncoupling induces 3T3-L1 adipocyte de-differentiation by a PPARgamma-independent mechanism, whereas TNFalpha-induced de-differentiation is PPARgamma dependent","volume":"122","author":"Tejerina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20223","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7936","article-title":"Adipocytes WNT5a mediated dedifferentiation: A possible target in pancreatic cancer microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Zoico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10862","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1231","article-title":"Stromelysin-3 is a potent negative regulator of adipogenesis participating to cancer cell-adipocyte interaction\/crosstalk at the tumor invasive front","volume":"65","author":"Andarawewa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"155","article-title":"Health implications of obesity: An NIH Consensus Development Conference","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J. Obes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2016). NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-+2 million participants. Lancet, 387, 1377\u20131396.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30411-4","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: An update and emerging new evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-4047-x","article-title":"Up to one-third of breast cancer cases in post-menopausal Mediterranean women might be avoided by modifying lifestyle habits: The EPIC Italy study","volume":"161","author":"Masala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","article-title":"Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"371","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.193","article-title":"Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"296","author":"Eliassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29315","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort study","volume":"136","author":"McKenzie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-1116-4","article-title":"Adult weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Vrieling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq526","article-title":"Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: A pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23943","article-title":"Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2339-3","article-title":"Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Pierobon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-0990-0","article-title":"Effect of obesity on survival of women with breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Protani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu042","article-title":"Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv275","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv275","article-title":"Weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis and all-cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Playdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-1153-z","article-title":"Increased risk of contralateral breast cancers among overweight and obese women: A time-dependent association","volume":"126","author":"Majed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.7614","article-title":"Effect of obesity on prognosis after early-stage breast cancer","volume":"29","author":"Ewertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9785-3","article-title":"Is obesity an independent prognosis factor in woman breast cancer?","volume":"111","author":"Majed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1309\/MX6KKA1UNJ1YG8VN","article-title":"Prognostic impact of marginal adipose tissue invasion in ductal carcinoma of the breast","volume":"130","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000055284","article-title":"Scattered fat invasion: An indicator for poor prognosis in premenopausal, and for positive estrogen receptor in postmenopausal breast cancer patients","volume":"59","author":"Kimijima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3550-9","article-title":"Adipocytes can induce epithelial-mesenchymaltransition in breast cancer cells","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1430","article-title":"Mature adipocytes, but not preadipocytes, promote the growth of breast carcinoma cells in collagen gel matrix culture through cancer-stromal cell interactions","volume":"201","author":"Manabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38282","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9436","article-title":"Co-option of pre-existing vascular beds in adipose tissue controls tumor growth rates and angiogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800280-3.00010-4","article-title":"Measurement of lipolysis","volume":"538","author":"Schweiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801398","article-title":"Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptors in obesity","volume":"24","author":"Janowska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.J., Figuer\u00eado, R.G., Azevedo, F.F., Cavallaro, D.A., Neto, N.I., Lima, J.D., Matos-Neto, E., Radloff, K., Riccardi, D.M., and Camargo, R.G. (2017). Adipose tissue fibrosis in human cancer cachexia: The role of TGF\u03b2 pathway. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3178-8"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"629","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation in Cachexia \u2013 Is Tumor Cytokine Expression Profile the Culprit?","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"139239","article-title":"Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: Cells, cytokines, and chemokines","volume":"2013","author":"Akki","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"3338","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss","volume":"85","author":"Bastard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00108","article-title":"Adipose and liver expression of interleukin (IL)-1 family members in morbid obesity and effects of weight loss","volume":"17","author":"Moschen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.159","article-title":"Diet induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its impact on obesity","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3318-2","article-title":"Cancer-mediated adipose reversion promotes cancer cell migration via IL-6 and MCP-1","volume":"150","author":"Fujisaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12251","article-title":"Circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is associated with cachexia in treatment-na\u00efve pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Talbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.197442","article-title":"CCL5 promotes macrophage recruitment and survival in human adipose tissue","volume":"30","author":"Keophiphath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24495","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8336","article-title":"Adipose microenvironment promotes triple negative breast cancer cell invasiveness and dissemination by producing CCL5","volume":"7","author":"Liguoro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0110","article-title":"Inflammation and increased aromatase expression occur in the breast tissue of obese women with breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6624.741","article-title":"Aromatase activity in adipose tissue from breast quadrants: A link with tumour site","volume":"296","author":"Elton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-953","article-title":"Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602013340503","article-title":"Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans","volume":"334","author":"Considine","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287457","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/287457","article-title":"Leptin in anorexia and cachexia syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Engineer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1074-z","article-title":"Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: Evidence for independent roles of age and sex","volume":"46","author":"Cnop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21690","article-title":"Adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin in cancer cachexia in breast and colon cancer patients","volume":"106","author":"Wolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-012-0181-z","article-title":"Depot-specific regulation of autotaxin with obesity in human adipose tissue","volume":"68","author":"Rancoule","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18162","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301158200","article-title":"Autotaxin is released from adipocytes, catalyzes lysophosphatidic acid synthesis, and activates preadipocyte proliferation. Up-regulated expression with adipocyte differentiation and obesity","volume":"278","author":"Ferry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1660-8","article-title":"Potential involvement of adipocyte insulin resistance in obesity-associated up-regulation of adipocyte lysophospholipase D\/autotaxin expression","volume":"48","author":"Boucher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-274480","article-title":"Tumor-induced inflammation in mammary adipose tissue stimulates a vicious cycle of autotaxin expression and breast cancer progression","volume":"29","author":"Benesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E843","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00174.2006","article-title":"Adipose tissue production of hepatocyte growth factor contributes to elevated serum HGF in obesity","volume":"291","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800412","article-title":"Relationship to IGF-binding protein (BP)-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, insulin, and growth hormone","volume":"21","author":"Nam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2629-7","article-title":"Adipocyte-released insulin-like growth factor-1 is regulated by glucose and fatty acids and controls breast cancer cell growth in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Passaretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/348334a0","article-title":"Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death","volume":"348","author":"Hockenbery","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90164-8","article-title":"Abdominal obesity is associated with an impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1","volume":"39","author":"Landin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0947","article-title":"Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity","volume":"94","author":"Pasarica","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11888","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209196200","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases are differentially expressed in, adipose tissue during obesity and modulate adipocyte differentiation","volume":"278","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0305","article-title":"Cancer cachexia differentially regulates visceral adipose tissue turnover","volume":"232","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i4.548","article-title":"Adipose tissue fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Buechler","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0355-9","article-title":"C-reactive protein and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: Results from the E3N cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Dossus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5_14","article-title":"Adipocyte-macrophage cross-talk in obesity","volume":"960","author":"Engin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3847-3","article-title":"Breast cancers from black women exhibit higher numbers of immunosuppressive macrophages with proliferative activity and of crown-like structures associated with lower survival compared to non-black latinas and caucasians","volume":"158","author":"Santander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-121211-091527","article-title":"Cytokines, obesity, and cancer: New insights on mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk and progression","volume":"64","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0062","article-title":"Crown-like Structures in Breast Adipose Tissue from Normal Weight Women: Important Impact","volume":"10","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0314","article-title":"Metabolic obesity, adipose inflammation and elevated breast aromatase in women with normal body mass index","volume":"10","author":"Iyengar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2239","article-title":"Systemic correlates of white adipose tissue inflammation in early-stage Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Iyengar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2017.12.009","article-title":"Multifaceted Roles of Interleukin-6 in Adipocyte-Breast Cancer Cell Interaction","volume":"11","author":"Gyamfi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-006-9328-3","article-title":"Significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breast cancer (review)","volume":"102","author":"Knupfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.1883","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and comorbidity development in Breast Cancer survivors versus noncancer controls: Evidence for accelerated aging?","volume":"35","author":"Alfano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2628","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Balkwill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201017666160301102713","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a regulator and therapeutic agent on Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.2929","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3768","article-title":"Stromal estrogen receptor promotes tumor growth by normalizing an increased angiogenesis","volume":"72","author":"Blacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-36-2-207","article-title":"Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women","volume":"36","author":"Grodin","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"2900","article-title":"Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue","volume":"45","author":"Poortman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit estrogen biosynthesis in human breast adipose tissue: Possible implications for breast cancer therapy","volume":"60","author":"Rubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1015","article-title":"The role of adiponectin in cancer: A review of current evidence","volume":"33","author":"Dalamaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978210","article-title":"Adiponectin induces growth arrest and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell","volume":"28","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1332565","article-title":"ADIPOQ\/adiponectin induces cytotoxic autophagy in breast cancer cells through STK11\/LKB1-mediated activation of the AMPK-ULK1 axis","volume":"13","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.08.001","article-title":"Different molecular signaling sustaining adiponectin action in breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Panno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1913","article-title":"Increased expression of leptin and the leptin receptor as a marker of breast cancer progression: Possible role of obesity-related stimuli","volume":"12","author":"Garofalo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20472","article-title":"Leptin and cancer","volume":"207","author":"Garofalo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114438109","article-title":"Pluripotency factor-mediated expression of the leptin receptor (OB-R) links obesity to oncogenesis through tumor-initiating stem cells","volume":"109","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-09-0340","article-title":"Cellular and molecular crosstalk between leptin receptor and estrogen receptor-{alpha} in breast cancer: Molecular basis for a novel therapeutic setting","volume":"17","author":"Fusco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-015-0622-z","article-title":"Leptin produced by obese adipose stromal\/stem cells enhances proliferation and metastasis of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers","volume":"17","author":"Strong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.10.013","article-title":"STAT3 Activation-Induced Fatty Acid Oxidation in CD8(+) T Effector Cells Is Critical for Obesity-Promoted Breast Tumor Growth","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0221-5","article-title":"Paradoxical effects of obesity on T cell function during tumor progression and PD-1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00465","article-title":"Leptin Stimulates Cellular Glycolysis Through a STAT3 Dependent Mechanism in Tilapia","volume":"9","author":"Douros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0374","article-title":"Prediagnostic leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Ollberding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.04.021","article-title":"Imbalance in leptin-adiponectin levels and leptin receptor expression as chief contributors to triple negative breast cancer progression in Northeast India","volume":"621","author":"Sultana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9745-x","article-title":"Role of autotaxin in cancer stem cells","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020950420196","article-title":"Expression of autotaxin (NPP-2) is closely linked to invasiveness of breast cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/35053000","article-title":"The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes","volume":"409","author":"Steppan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.04.016","article-title":"Resistin induces breast cancer cells epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness through both adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1)-dependent and CAP1-independent mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Avtanski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00689","article-title":"Adipocytes and obesity-related conditions jointly promote Breast Cancer cell growth and motility: Associations with CAP1 for prognosis","volume":"9","author":"Rosendahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207063","article-title":"Targeted expression of HGF\/SF in mouse mammary epithelium leads to metastatic adenosquamous carcinomas through the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways","volume":"22","author":"Gallego","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2001.01182.x","article-title":"Expression of the hepatocyte growth factor\/c-Met pathway is increased at the cancer front in breast carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Edakuni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23424","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived collagen VI affects early mammary tumor progression in vivo, demonstrating a critical interaction in the tumor\/stroma microenvironment","volume":"115","author":"Iyengar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63930","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived endotrophin promotes malignant tumor progression","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.110","article-title":"Cancer cells, adipocytes and matrix metalloproteinase 11: A vicious tumor progression cycle","volume":"389","author":"Motrescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.001","article-title":"Adipocyte p62\/SQSTM1 Suppresses Tumorigenesis through Opposite Regulations of Metabolism in Adipose Tissue and Tumor","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.05.005","article-title":"Microenvironmental Control of Adipocyte Fate and Function","volume":"26","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20791","article-title":"Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36","volume":"541","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2017.12.113","article-title":"Metastatic-initiating cells and lipid metabolism","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18669","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18669","article-title":"Genetic alterations in fatty acid transport and metabolism genes are associated with metastatic progression and poor prognosis of human cancers","volume":"6","author":"Nath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.05.091","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporters in breast cancer and adipose tissue are novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"501","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1210-3","article-title":"Exosomes from-\u00e1the tumour-adipocyte interplay stimulate beige\/brown differentiation and reprogram metabolism in stromal adipocytes to promote tumour progression","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.22136","article-title":"Ketone bodies and two-compartment tumor metabolism: Stromal ketone production fuels mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14706","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14706","article-title":"Adipocytes promote malignant growth of breast tumours with monocarboxylate transporter 2 expression via +\u00a6-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.02.033","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem","volume":"44","author":"Fearon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc867","article-title":"Metastasis to bone: Causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Mundy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12041","article-title":"White adipose tissue cells and the progression of cachexia: Inflammatory pathways","volume":"7","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26811","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction in cancer cachexia","volume":"234","author":"Daas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Effects of Krebs-2 carcinoma on the lipide metabolism of male Swiss mice","volume":"22","author":"COSTA","year":"1962","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198973","article-title":"Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"333","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.276733.115","article-title":"Mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"30","author":"Petruzzelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E469","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00204.2014","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy and the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx\/atrogin-1","volume":"307","author":"Bodine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216683282","article-title":"The role of adipose tissue in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"242","author":"Vaitkus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3282f948e2","article-title":"Regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in cancer cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Bing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198704000-00005","article-title":"Fatty acid and glycerol kinetics in septic patients and in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The response to glucose infusion and parenteral feeding","volume":"205","author":"Shaw","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.02.006","article-title":"The role of triglyceride lipases in cancer associated cachexia","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.06.007","article-title":"Obesity and free fatty acids","volume":"37","author":"Boden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5696","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0183","article-title":"Evidence for adipose-muscle cross talk: Opposing regulation of muscle proteolysis by adiponectin and Fatty acids","volume":"148","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx810","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: Hidden muscle wasting and its impact for survival and complications of cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.05.004","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts through p62-mTORC1 signaling promotes inflammation and tumorigenesis","volume":"26","author":"Valencia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.12.002","article-title":"Gain Fat-Lose Metastasis: Converting Invasive Breast Cancer Cells into Adipocytes Inhibits Cancer Metastasis","volume":"35","author":"Diepenbruck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/3\/560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1760173328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/3\/560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9030560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9030560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]}}}