{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T21:52:10Z","timestamp":1771797130106,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["DA047178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA047178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last two decades, the mortality rate in people living with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA) has decreased significantly, resulting in an almost normal longevity in this population. However, a large portion of this population still endures a poor quality of life, mostly due to an increased inclination for substance abuse, including tobacco smoking. The prevalence of smoking in PLWHA is consistently higher than in HIV negative persons. A predisposition to cigarette smoking in the setting of HIV potentially leads to exacerbated HIV replication and a higher risk for developing neurocognitive and other CNS disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been identified as mechanistic pathways in smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), packaged with oxidative stress and inflammatory agents, show promise in understanding the underlying mechanisms of smoking-induced HIV pathogenesis via cell-cell interactions. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of EVs with an emphasis on smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. This review also provides an overview of the potential applications of EVs in developing novel therapeutic carriers for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals who smoke, and in the discovery of novel biomarkers that are associated with HIV-smoking interactions in the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T13:39:34Z","timestamp":1585834774000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles in Smoking-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and their Potential Role in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjana","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunitha","family":"Kodidela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelli","family":"Gerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6776-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"HIV.Gov (2020, March 31). The Global HIV\/AIDS Epidemic, Available online: https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/hiv-basics\/overview\/data-and-trends\/global-statistics."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12421","article-title":"Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Teeraananchai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hiv Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081355","article-title":"Closing the gap: Increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada","volume":"8","author":"Samji","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283324283","article-title":"The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals","volume":"24","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0623","article-title":"Early HIV treatment led to life expectancy gains valued at $80 billion for people infected in 1996-2009","volume":"33","author":"Romley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw430","article-title":"Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Life Expectancy Among People With HIV: A US-Based Modeling Study","volume":"214","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2009.21.3_supp.106","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and HIV: More evidence for action","volume":"21","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids Educ. Prev. Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Aids Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis933","article-title":"Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV-1-infected individuals: A nationwide, population-based cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Helleberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000540","article-title":"Smoking and life expectancy among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America","volume":"29","author":"Helleberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801908190","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is an independent predictor of nonadherence in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Shuter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res. Off. J. Soc. Res. Nicotine Tob."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"17","article-title":"HIV and smoking: Associated risks and prevention strategies","volume":"8","author":"Kariuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hiv Aids"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brath, H., Grabovac, I., Schalk, H., Degen, O., and Dorner, T.E. (2016). Prevalence and Correlates of Smoking and Readiness to Quit Smoking in People Living with HIV in Austria and Germany. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150553"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28500-z","article-title":"Benzo(a)pyrene in Cigarette Smoke Enhances HIV-1 Replication through NF-kappaB Activation via CYP-Mediated Oxidative Stress Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Ranjit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, P., Ande, A., Sinha, N., Kumar, A., and Kumar, S. (2016). Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Cell Death, and HIV Replication in Human Monocytic Cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155791"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"V.R., P. (2016). Cytochrome P450 and Oxidative Stress as Possible Pathways for Alcohol- and Tobacco-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and NeuroAIDS. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjit, S., Midde, N.M., Sinha, N., Patters, B.J., Rahman, M.A., Cory, T.J., Rao, P.S., and Kumar, S. (2016). Effect of Polyaryl Hydrocarbons on Cytotoxicity in Monocytic Cells: Potential Role of Cytochromes P450 and Oxidative Stress Pathways. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163827"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122402","article-title":"Effect of mild-to-moderate smoking on viral load, cytokines, oxidative stress, and cytochrome P450 enzymes in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"10","author":"Ande","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2013.816285","article-title":"Tobacco smoking effect on HIV-1 pathogenesis: Role of cytochrome P450 isozymes","volume":"9","author":"Ande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000117","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: Five new things","volume":"5","author":"Rumbaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290049615","article-title":"HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy","volume":"8","author":"Sacktor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44463-1","article-title":"HIV Infection Induces Extracellular Cathepsin B Uptake and Damage to Neurons","volume":"9","author":"Plaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.05.015","article-title":"Breaking down the barrier: The effects of HIV-1 on the blood-brain barrier","volume":"1399","author":"Strazza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00212","article-title":"Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on blood-brain barrier integrity and function: An update","volume":"9","author":"Atluri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0526-z","article-title":"The nature and consequences of cognitive deficits among tobacco smokers with HIV: A comparison to tobacco smokers without HIV","volume":"23","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9728-7","article-title":"Chronic Tobacco-Smoking on Psychopathological Symptoms, Impulsivity and Cognitive Deficits in HIV-Infected Individuals","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.764965","article-title":"The effects of cigarette smoking on learning and memory performance among people living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"25","author":"Bryant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aids Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701620747","article-title":"Associations of cigarette smoking with viral immune and cognitive function in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women","volume":"13","author":"Wojna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325958218768018","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958218768018","article-title":"Is Tobacco Use Associated with Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Individuals with HIV?","volume":"17","author":"Tsima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. Aids Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Thery","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.07.011","article-title":"Macrophage exosomes as natural nanocarriers for protein delivery to inflamed brain","volume":"142","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1537788","article-title":"Understanding extracellular vesicle diversity-current status","volume":"15","author":"Greening","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latifkar, A., Hur, Y.H., Sanchez, J.C., Cerione, R.A., and Antonyak, M.A. (2019). New insights into extracellular vesicle biogenesis and function. J. Cell Sci., 132.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.222406"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kucharzewska, P., and Belting, M. (2013). Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the adaptive response of tumour cells to microenvironmental stress. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20304"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001193","article-title":"Vehicles of intercellular communication: Exosomes and HIV-1","volume":"100","author":"Welch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanelli, L., Buratta, S., Tancini, B., Sagini, K., Delo, F., Porcellati, S., and Emiliani, C. (2019). The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infection and Transmission. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030102"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodidela, S., Ranjit, S., Sinha, N., McArthur, C., Kumar, A., and Kumar, S. (2018). Cytokine profiling of exosomes derived from the plasma of HIV-infected alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201144"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1501473","article-title":"Potential neuroprotective role of astroglial exosomes against smoking-induced oxidative stress and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Ranjit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16301-9","article-title":"Monocyte-derived exosomes upon exposure to cigarette smoke condensate alter their characteristics and show protective effect against cytotoxicity and HIV-1 replication","volume":"7","author":"Haque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802905","article-title":"Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32\/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation","volume":"360","author":"Hutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1027-4","article-title":"HIV-1 remission following CCR5Delta32\/Delta32 haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation","volume":"568","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30275-2","article-title":"Establishment of latent HIV-1 reservoirs: What do we really know?","volume":"5","author":"Vanhamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02828","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Kruize","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2018.1471641","article-title":"Combating the HIV reservoirs","volume":"34","author":"Church","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacleche, V.S., Tremblay, C.L., Routy, J.P., and Ancuta, P. (2018). The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020065"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0484-2_7","article-title":"HIV Persistence on Antiretroviral Therapy and Barriers to a Cure","volume":"1075","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"5174","article-title":"Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles mediate smooth muscle hyperplasia: Role of altered miRNA cargo in response to HIV infection and substance abuse","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Faseb J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"3097","article-title":"Monocyte exosomes induce adhesion molecules and cytokines via activation of NF-kappaB in endothelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Faseb J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodidela, S., Wang, Y., Patters, B.J., Gong, Y., Sinha, N., Ranjit, S., Gerth, K., Haque, S., Cory, T., and McArthur, C. (2019). Proteomic Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Plasma of HIV-Infected Alcohol Drinkers and Cigarette Smokers. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09853-2"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90040-5","article-title":"Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: Selective externalization of the receptor","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)91776-X","article-title":"Transferrin recycling in reticulocytes: pH and iron are important determinants of ligand binding and processing","volume":"113","author":"Harding","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48095-7","article-title":"Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes)","volume":"262","author":"Johnstone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1161","article-title":"B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles","volume":"183","author":"Raposo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0598-594","article-title":"Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: Dendritic cell-derived exosomes","volume":"4","author":"Zitvogel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.A., Patters, B.J., Kodidela, S., and Kumar, S. (2019). Extracellular Vesicles: Intercellular Mediators in Alcohol-Induced Pathologies. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09848-z"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22142-x","article-title":"Improved isolation strategies to increase the yield and purity of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery","volume":"8","author":"Gheinani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2595-9","article-title":"Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release","volume":"75","author":"Hessvik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. Cmls"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.10.026","article-title":"Benchtop isolation and characterization of functional exosomes by sequential filtration","volume":"1371","author":"Heinemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatography. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2013-0141","article-title":"Current methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles","volume":"394","author":"Balaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.07.007","article-title":"Discrimination between exosomes and HIV-1: Purification of both vesicles from cell-free supernatants","volume":"338","author":"Cantin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"Unit 3.22","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids","volume":"Chapter 3","author":"Thery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-068-3_15","article-title":"Exosome isolation for proteomic analyses and RNA profiling","volume":"728","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol. (Cliftonn. J.)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods for isolating human colon cancer cell line LIM1863-derived exosomes","volume":"56","author":"Tauro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26913","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.26913","article-title":"Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: A position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"3","author":"Lotvall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.04.003","article-title":"Sizing and phenotyping of cellular vesicles using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Dragovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-03-0713","article-title":"Induction of microparticle- and cell-associated intravascular tissue factor in human endotoxemia","volume":"103","author":"Aras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14394","DOI":"10.1021\/la2038763","article-title":"Quantitative nanostructural and single-molecule force spectroscopy biomolecular analysis of human-saliva-derived exosomes","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir Acs J. Surf. Colloids"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/ni854","article-title":"Indirect activation of naive CD4+ T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes","volume":"3","author":"Thery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3410\/B3-15","article-title":"Exosomes: Secreted vesicles and intercellular communications","volume":"3","author":"Thery","year":"2011","journal-title":"F1000 biology reports"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.26263","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles","volume":"121","author":"Raposo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2005.12.003","article-title":"Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones","volume":"31","author":"Faure","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/85438","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes are a source of shared tumor rejection antigens for CTL cross-priming","volume":"7","author":"Wolfers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.08.020","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from neural stem cells transfer IFN-gamma via Ifngr1 to activate Stat1 signaling in target cells","volume":"56","author":"Cossetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-014-0050-5","article-title":"New insights in the composition of extracellular vesicles from pancreatic cancer cells: Implications for biomarkers and functions","volume":"12","author":"Tehrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju363","article-title":"Effect of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomes on human regulatory T cells","volume":"107","author":"Mrizak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"539","article-title":"Liquid biopsies in lung cancer: The new ambrosia of researchers","volume":"1846","author":"Rolfo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1130655","article-title":"Characterization and biological role of extracellular vesicles","volume":"68","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. I Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00361","article-title":"The emerging role of exosomes in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Vella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3864","article-title":"Small containers, important cargo","volume":"14","author":"Villanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Andaloussi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.10.146","article-title":"Exosome-associated hepatitis C virus in cell cultures and patient plasma","volume":"455","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20014","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.438895","article-title":"Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells contain trans-activation response element RNA","volume":"288","author":"Narayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0238-6","article-title":"Exosomes and their role in CNS viral infections","volume":"20","author":"Sampey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.179","article-title":"Hepatitis: Exosomal route of HCV transmission exists in patients","volume":"11","author":"Patman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pegtel, D.M., Peferoen, L., and Amor, S. (2014). Extracellular vesicles as modulators of cell-to-cell communication in the healthy and diseased brain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. Bbiological Sci., 369.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0516"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6728-5_7","article-title":"A Protocol for Isolation and Proteomic Characterization of Distinct Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes by Sequential Centrifugal Ultrafiltration","volume":"1545","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709210114","article-title":"Isolation of exosomes from whole blood by integrating acoustics and microfluidics","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27269","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27269","article-title":"Ready-made chromatography columns for extracellular vesicle isolation from plasma","volume":"4","author":"Welton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1629835","article-title":"Latest advances in extracellular vesicles: From bench to bedside","volume":"20","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0223-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics: Natural versus engineered targeting and trafficking","volume":"51","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1308","article-title":"Altered Extracellular Vesicle Concentration, Cargo, and Function in Diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.08.022","article-title":"Biogenesis and function of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles","volume":"74","author":"Juan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macia, L., Nanan, R., Hosseini-Beheshti, E., and Grau, G.E. (2019). Host- and Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Immune Function, and Disease Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010107"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahjin, F., Guda, R.S., Schaal, V.L., Odegaard, K., Clark, A., Gowen, A., Xiao, P., Lisco, S.J., Pendyala, G., and Yelamanchili, S.V. (2019). Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicle microRNA Signatures Associated with In Utero and Postnatal Oxycodone Exposure. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010021"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43064-2","article-title":"Plasma exosomes exacerbate alcohol- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity via CYP2E1 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-018-3586-8","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in lung cancer: Biomarker sources and therapeutic applications","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0036-9","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cancer - implications for future improvements in cancer care","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13793","article-title":"Plasma extracellular nanovesicle (exosome)-derived biomarkers for drug metabolism pathways: A novel approach to characterize variability in drug exposure","volume":"85","author":"Rowland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02411","article-title":"The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201100376","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from HIV-1-infected lymphocytic cells","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00454","article-title":"HIV-1 Intersection with CD4 T Cell Vesicle Exocytosis: Intercellular Communication Goes Viral","volume":"5","author":"Soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1302","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef suppresses CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in bystander B cells","volume":"7","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2217\/17469600.2.4.327","article-title":"Oxidative stress and HIV infection: Target pathways for novel therapies?","volume":"2","author":"Aquaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Hiv Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(02)00320-1","article-title":"Contribution to characterization of oxidative stress in HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"47","author":"Gil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.4561-4566.1999","article-title":"Redox and activation status of monocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Relationship with viral load","volume":"73","author":"Elbim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinowska, M., Bazdar, D.A., Lederman, M.M., Funderburg, N., and Sieg, S.F. (2013). Decreased IL-7 responsiveness is related to oxidative stress in HIV disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058764"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4272","article-title":"Impaired base excision repair and accumulation of oxidative base lesions in CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients","volume":"105","author":"Aukrust","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.04.001","article-title":"Accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage in the frontal cortex cells of patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"1458","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000756","article-title":"Elevated Abundance, Size, and MicroRNA Content of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Viremic HIV-1+ Patients: Correlations With Known Markers of Disease Progression","volume":"70","author":"Hubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"203","article-title":"Emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions: New insights for diagnosis and therapeutic applications","volume":"6","author":"Herschlik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072810","article-title":"Exosomes: Implications in HIV-1 Pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Madison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.19","article-title":"Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Buzas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25515-4","article-title":"Exosome markers associated with immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chettimada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657086","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/657086","article-title":"Exosomes: Novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis","volume":"2015","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2462","article-title":"Biomolecular characterization of exosomes released from cancer stem cells: Possible implications for biomarker and treatment of cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11405-8","article-title":"Circulating miR-122 and miR-200a as biomarkers for fatal liver disease in ART-treated, HIV-1-infected individuals","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodidela, S., Gerth, K., Haque, S., Gong, Y., Ismael, S., Singh, A., Tauheed, I., and Kumar, S. (2019). Extracellular Vesicles: A Possible Link between HIV and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Like Pathology in HIV Subjects?. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8090968"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0695-4","article-title":"Plasma neuronal exosomes serve as biomarkers of cognitive impairment in HIV infection and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Pulliam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F9","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001595","article-title":"Blood neuron-derived exosomes as biomarkers of cognitive impairment in HIV","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aids (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91909-0","article-title":"Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals","volume":"2","author":"Buhl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201006-045WR","article-title":"HIV and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Is it worse and why?","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"662","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in smoking and nonsmoking men with HIV\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.09.010","article-title":"Mechanisms and genes involved in enhancement of HIV infectivity by tobacco smoke","volume":"278","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.278","article-title":"Exosomes\/microvesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication","volume":"78","author":"Camussi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldh, M., Ekstrom, K., Valadi, H., Sjostrand, M., Olsson, B., Jernas, M., and Lotvall, J. (2010). Exosomes communicate protective messages during oxidative stress; possible role of exosomal shuttle RNA. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015353"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8357109","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8357109","article-title":"Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants","volume":"2018","author":"Steel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00353-2015","article-title":"Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders","volume":"46","author":"Rossouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"133","article-title":"High levels of serum IL-6 and serum hepcidin and low CD4 cell count were risk factors of anemia of chronic disease in HIV patients on the combination of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"11","author":"Merati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hiv\/Aids"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv123","article-title":"Factors Associated With Plasma IL-6 Levels During HIV Infection","volume":"212","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Cioe, P.A., Baker, J., Hammer, J., Kojic, E.M., Onen, N., Patel, P., and Kahler, C.W. (2014, January 3\u20136). Soluble CD14 and D-dimer are associated with smoking and heavy alcohol use in HIV-Infected dults. In Proceedings of Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01461","article-title":"The Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in the Progression of HIV\/AIDS and Development of Non-AIDS-Defining Fibrotic Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Theron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650458","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1650458","article-title":"Endosomal signalling via exosome surface TGFbeta-1","volume":"8","author":"Shelke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Niu, F., Liao, K., Periyasamy, P., Sil, S., Liu, J., Dravid, S.M., and Buch, S. (2019). HIV-1 Tat-Induced Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicle miR-7 Impairs Synaptic Architecture. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09869-8"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9779-4","article-title":"Exosomal miR-9 Released from HIV Tat Stimulated Astrocytes Mediates Microglial Migration","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojha, C.R., Lapierre, J., Rodriguez, M., Dever, S.M., Zadeh, M.A., DeMarino, C., Pleet, M.L., Kashanchi, F., and El-Hage, N. (2017). Interplay between Autophagy, Exosomes and HIV-1 Associated Neurological Disorders: New Insights for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Applications. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9070176"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2016.02.001","article-title":"Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: Current perspectives and future challenges","volume":"6","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sinica. B"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07607","article-title":"Re-Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Smart Nanoscale Therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.02.038","article-title":"Exosomes as novel bio-carriers for gene and drug delivery","volume":"521","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.07.042","article-title":"Paclitaxel is incorporated by mesenchymal stromal cells and released in exosomes that inhibit in vitro tumor growth: A new approach for drug delivery","volume":"192","author":"Pascucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocce, V., Franze, S., Brini, A.T., Gianni, A.B., Pascucci, L., Ciusani, E., Alessandri, G., Farronato, G., Cavicchini, L., and Sordi, V. (2019). In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Secreted by Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Primed with Paclitaxel. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020061"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.05.015","article-title":"Antitumor effect of oncolytic virus and paclitaxel encapsulated in extracellular vesicles for lung cancer treatment","volume":"283","author":"Garofalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-88","article-title":"Exosomes are natural carriers of exogenous siRNA to human cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Shtam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal. Ccs"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Seow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks463","article-title":"Plasma exosomes can deliver exogenous short interfering RNA to monocytes and lymphocytes","volume":"40","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33925","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles expressing a single-chain variable fragment of an HIV-1 specific antibody selectively target Env(+) tissues","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.04.004","article-title":"siRNA vs. shRNA: Similarities and differences","volume":"61","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2013.60","article-title":"Delivery of Functional Anti-miR-9 by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes to Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Conferred Chemosensitivity","volume":"2","author":"Munoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Therapy. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahjin, F., Chand, S., and Yelamanchili, S.V. (2019). Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Vehicles to the Central Nervous System. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. Off. J. Soc. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09875-w"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.07.145","article-title":"Specific packaging and circulation of cytochromes P450, especially 2E1 isozyme, in human plasma exosomes and their implications in cellular communications","volume":"491","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X12666140402100959","article-title":"Oxidative stress in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hiv Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0227-1","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs induce oxidative stress and neuronal damage in the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Akay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.03.033","article-title":"Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"207","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.02.043","article-title":"T84-intestinal epithelial exosomes bear MHC class II\/peptide complexes potentiating antigen presentation by dendritic cells","volume":"132","author":"Mallegol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.06.018","article-title":"Toward tailored exosomes: The exosomal tetraspanin web contributes to target cell selection","volume":"44","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26316","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting","volume":"4","author":"Wiklander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.012","article-title":"Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31053","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.31053","article-title":"Display of GPI-anchored anti-EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting","volume":"5","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.03.017","article-title":"Exosomes: Current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials","volume":"1820","author":"Vlassov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.07.007","article-title":"Lower expression of plasma-derived exosome miR-21 levels in HIV-1 elite controllers with decreasing CD4 T cell count","volume":"52","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"215","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Anti-HIV RNA-loaded Exosomes","volume":"31","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci. Bes"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0599-8","article-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ISEV symposium on \"HIV, NeuroHIV, drug abuse, & EVs\"","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.128","article-title":"Urinary exosomes","volume":"9","author":"Dimov","year":"2009","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"(2020, March 31). Aethlon. Available online: https:\/\/www.aethlonmedical.com\/."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692081","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4692081","article-title":"The Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cigarette Smoke-Associated Diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/4\/864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:14:42Z","timestamp":1760174082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/4\/864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9040864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9040864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]}}}