{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:06:03Z","timestamp":1790723163055,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages facilitate essential homeostatic functions e.g., endocytosis, phagocytosis, and signaling during inflammation, and express a variety of scavenger receptors including CD163 and CD206, which are upregulated in response to inflammation. In healthy individuals, soluble forms of CD163 and CD206 are constitutively shed from macrophages, however, during inflammation pathogen- and damage-associated stimuli induce this shedding. Activation of resident liver macrophages viz. Kupffer cells is part of the inflammatory cascade occurring in acute and chronic liver diseases. We here review the existing literature on sCD163 and sCD206 function and shedding, and potential as biomarkers in acute and chronic liver diseases with a particular focus on Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF). In multiple studies sCD163 and sCD206 are elevated in relation to liver disease severity and established as reliable predictors of morbidity and mortality. However, differences in expression- and shedding-stimuli for CD163 and CD206 may explain dissimilarities in prognostic utility in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and ACLF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T12:26:30Z","timestamp":1589199990000},"page":"1175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Macrophage Activation Markers, CD163 and CD206, in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene Christina","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus","family":"Hvidbjerg Gantzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology &amp; Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4333-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Cl\u00e0ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), 08021 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonel","family":"Trebicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), 08021 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger Jon","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8998-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology &amp; Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","article-title":"Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Is a Distinct Syndrome That Develops in Patients With Acute Decompensation of Cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118412640.ch09","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"57","author":"Adebayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cirrhosis A Pract. 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