{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:24:51Z","timestamp":1790565891606,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011937","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsische Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WVZN2860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WVZN2860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WVZN2860."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WVZN2860."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human gingival epithelial cells (HGEps) and fibroblasts (HGFs) are the main cell types in peri-implant soft tissue. HGEps are constantly exposed to bacteria, but HGFs are protected by connective tissue as long as the mucosa\u2013implant seal is intact. Streptococcus oralis is one of the commensal bacteria, is highly abundant at healthy implant sites, and might modulate soft tissue cells\u2014as has been described for other streptococci. We have therefore investigated the effects of the S. oralis biofilm on HGEps and HGFs. HGEps or HGFs were grown separately on titanium disks and responded to challenge with S. oralis biofilm. HGFs were severely damaged after 4 h, exhibiting transcriptional inflammatory and stress responses. In contrast, challenge with S. oralis only induced a mild transcriptional inflammatory response in HGEps, without cellular damage. HGFs were more susceptible to the S. oralis biofilm than HGEps. The pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) was attenuated in HGFs, as was interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in HGEps. This indicates that S. oralis can actively protect tissue. In conclusion, commensal biofilms can promote homeostatic tissue protection, but only if the implant\u2013mucosa interface is intact and HGFs are not directly exposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["In Vitro Effects of Streptococcus oralis Biofilm on Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Eberhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meike","family":"Stiesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1850-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.09.013","article-title":"Microbiological and immuno-pathological aspects of peri-implant diseases","volume":"59","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12051","article-title":"Cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase expression in fibroblasts from peri-implantitis lesions in response to viable Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"48","author":"Irshad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.980661","article-title":"Microbiome of peri-implant infections: Lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses","volume":"6","author":"Charalampakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S230","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12952","article-title":"Peri-implant health","volume":"45","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11038-7_4","article-title":"Peri-implant infections of oral biofilm etiology","volume":"830","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0739","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Berglundh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-014-0798-5","article-title":"Tissue engineering of oral mucosa: A shared concept with skin","volume":"18","author":"Kinikoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308201104","article-title":"Fascination with Epithelia: Architecture, Proteins, and Functions","volume":"82","author":"Dale","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.46.19","article-title":"Profiling of differentially expressed genes in human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts by DNA microarray","volume":"46","author":"Abiko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12053","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of human gingival fibroblasts in response to multi-species in vitro subgingival biofilms","volume":"29","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.6.798","article-title":"Gingival, Dermal, and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Express Different Extracellular Matrix Receptors","volume":"72","author":"Palaiologou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00385.x","article-title":"The stage of native biofilm formation determines the gene expression of human beta-defensin-2, psoriasin, ribonuclease 7 and inflammatory mediators: A novel approach for stimulation of keratinocytes with in situ formed biofilms","volume":"23","author":"Eberhard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-280","article-title":"In vitro modeling of host-parasite interactions: The \u2018subgingival\u2019 biofilm challenge of primary human epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-80","article-title":"Development of an in vitro periodontal biofilm model for assessing antimicrobial and host modulatory effects of bioactive molecules","volume":"14","author":"Millhouse","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12395","article-title":"The epithelial cell response to health and disease associated oral biofilm models","volume":"52","author":"Ramage","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01957-06","article-title":"Gingival epithelial cell transcriptional responses to commensal and opportunistic oral microbial species","volume":"75","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebersole, J.L., Peyyala, R., and Gonzalez, O.A. (2019). Biofilm-induced profiles of immune response gene expression by oral epithelial cells. Mol. Oral Microbiol., 34.","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12251"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01381.x","article-title":"Bacterial colonization immediately after installation on oral titanium implants","volume":"18","author":"Furst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12121","article-title":"Differential response of human gingival fibroblasts to titanium- and titanium-zirconium-modified surfaces","volume":"49","author":"Ramis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2837-2848.2006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of subject-specific oral microflora during initial colonization of enamel","volume":"72","author":"Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05896-11","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between Candida albicans and commensal oral streptococci in a novel in vitro mucosal model","volume":"80","author":"Diaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x","article-title":"Dental biofilms: Difficult therapeutic targets","volume":"28","author":"Socransky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00840","article-title":"Quantitative Molecular Detection of 19 Major Pathogens in the Interdental Biofilm of Periodontally Healthy Young Adults","volume":"7","author":"Carrouel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00340","article-title":"Clustering of Subgingival Microbiota Reveals Microbial Disease Ecotypes Associated with Clinical Stages of Periodontitis in a Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Boutin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-39-3-179","article-title":"Identity of viridans streptococci isolated from cases of infective endocarditis","volume":"39","author":"Douglas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-40-3-202","article-title":"Identification of viridans streptococci associated with bacteraemia in neutropenic cancer patients","volume":"40","author":"Beighton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010390220144","article-title":"Viridans streptococcus bacteremia in children on chemotherapy for cancer: An underestimated problem","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(99)90074-9","article-title":"Infective endocarditis: An epidemiological review of 128 episodes","volume":"38","author":"Dyson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011383107","article-title":"Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis","volume":"108","author":"Koren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2005.01440.x","article-title":"Identification of different bacterial DNAs in human coronary arteries","volume":"35","author":"Lehtiniemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2010.00597.x","article-title":"Invasion of human aortic endothelial cells by oral viridans group streptococci and induction of inflammatory cytokine production","volume":"26","author":"Nagata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00646.x","article-title":"Streptococcus oralis coaggregation receptor polysaccharides induce inflammatory responses in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"27","author":"Nagata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammann, T.W., Belibasakis, G.N., and Thurnheer, T. (2013). Impact of early colonizers on in vitro subgingival biofilm formation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083090"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.66.3.486-505.2002","article-title":"Communication among oral bacteria","volume":"66","author":"Kolenbrander","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07707.x","article-title":"The pathogenic persona of community-associated oral streptococci","volume":"81","author":"Whitmore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12216","article-title":"Streptococcal co-infection augments Candida pathogenicity by amplifying the mucosal inflammatory response","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw201","article-title":"Streptococcus oralis and Candida albicans Synergistically Activate mu-Calpain to Degrade E-cadherin From Oral Epithelial Junctions","volume":"214","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, H., Andes, D.R., and Krysan, D.J. (2018). Candida-streptococcal interactions in biofilm-associated oral diseases. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007342"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12216","article-title":"Streptococcus oralis maintains homeostasis in oral biofilms by antagonizing the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans","volume":"33","author":"Thurnheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidossi, A., De Grandi, R., Toscano, M., Bottagisio, M., De Vecchi, E., Gelardi, M., and Drago, L. (2018). Probiotics Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a interfere with biofilm formation of pathogens of the upper respiratory tract. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3576-9"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00188-08","article-title":"The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis","volume":"76","author":"Cosseau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01057.x","article-title":"Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced interleukin-8 expression in oral epithelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"558","article-title":"Streptococcus cristatus modulates the Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced epithelial interleukin-8 response through the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8544","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900101116","article-title":"Streptococcus gordonii programs epithelial cells to resist ZEB2 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"116","author":"Ohshima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devine, D.A., Marsh, P.D., and Meade, J. (2015). Modulation of host responses by oral commensal bacteria. J. Oral Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v7.26941"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn923","article-title":"Bioinformatics enrichment tools: Paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists","volume":"37","author":"Sherman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Sherman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky962","article-title":"New approach for understanding genome variations in KEGG","volume":"47","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3715","article-title":"Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt285","article-title":"Pathview: An R\/Bioconductor package for pathway-based data integration and visualization","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W501","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx372","article-title":"Pathview Web: User friendly pathway visualization and data integration","volume":"45","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1991.020206.x","article-title":"The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth","volume":"2","author":"Berglundh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12094","article-title":"Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection","volume":"69","author":"Groeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516668847","article-title":"Clinical, Immune, and Microbiome Traits of Gingivitis and Peri-implant Mucositis","volume":"96","author":"Schincaglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.02.005","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of microbial cell wall components and microbial strategies to evade such recognitions","volume":"168","author":"Sukhithasri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00500.x","article-title":"Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Uehara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600310","article-title":"Functional TLRs and NODs in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"86","author":"Uehara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors, NOD1, and NOD2 in oral epithelial cells","volume":"85","author":"Sugawara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-380","article-title":"The degree of microbiome complexity influences the epithelial response to infection","volume":"10","author":"Mans","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00513.x","article-title":"Distinct transcriptional profiles characterize oral epithelium-microbiota interactions","volume":"7","author":"Handfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.014","article-title":"On the Dependency of Cellular Protein Levels on mRNA Abundance","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1584","article-title":"Post-transcriptional control of cytokine production","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2013.04.001","article-title":"Intracellular trafficking and secretion of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"24","author":"Stow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.150713","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8 Impair In Vitro Migration and Induce Apoptosis of Gingival Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells, Delaying Wound Healing","volume":"87","author":"Basso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26521","article-title":"Biological effects of interleukin-6 on Gingival Fibroblasts: Cytokine regulation in periodontitis","volume":"233","author":"Naruishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090030301","article-title":"Interactions between non-immune host cells and the immune system during periodontal disease: Role of the gingival keratinocyte","volume":"9","author":"Morrier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-019-0064-z","article-title":"The cytokine network involved in the host immune response to periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350802516170","article-title":"Short-term effect of chewing gums containing probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on the levels of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"67","author":"Twetman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S137614","article-title":"Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for preventing recurrent acute otitis media in children: A real-life clinical experience","volume":"10","author":"Varricchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05346-3","article-title":"Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a oral spray for children with recurrent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"276","author":"Andaloro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patini, R., Cattani, P., Marchetti, S., Isola, G., Quaranta, G., and Gallenzi, P. (2019). Evaluation of Predation Capability of Periodontopathogens Bacteria by Bdellovibrio Bacteriovorus HD100. An in Vitro Study. Materials (Basel), 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12122008"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.04.010","article-title":"Effect of LPS treatment on the viability and chemokine synthesis by epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts","volume":"60","author":"Basso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.02.007","article-title":"Various human epithelial cells express functional Toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 to produce anti-microbial peptides, but not proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"44","author":"Uehara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04029.x","article-title":"Proteolytic activity of oral streptococci","volume":"55","author":"Homer","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Production of Protease Activities by Streptococcus oralis Strains Isolated from Endocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Beighton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-6-409","article-title":"Effect of mucin and glucose on proteolytic and glycosidic activities of Streptococcus oralis","volume":"44","author":"Rafay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35262","article-title":"Dental implant surface treatments may modulate cytokine secretion in Porphyromonas gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts: A comparative study","volume":"103","author":"Stavroullakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/5\/1226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:08Z","timestamp":1760174948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/5\/1226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9051226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9051226","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}