{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:36:57Z","timestamp":1785245817600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2314-B-075A-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2314-B-075A-004-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2314-B-075A-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2314-B-075A-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke provokes an inflammatory response concurrent with both sympathetic nervous system activation and hyperglycemia. Currently, their crosstalk and consequences in stroke outcomes are of clinical attraction. We have provided experimental evidence showing the suppressive effects of the nonselective \u03b2-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol on hyperglycemia, inflammation, and brain injury in a rat model experiencing cerebral ischemia. Pretreatment with propranolol protected against postischemic brain infarction, edema, and apoptosis. The neuroprotection caused by propranolol was accompanied by a reduction in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glucose tolerance impairment, plasma C-reactive protein, plasma free fatty acids, plasma corticosterone, brain oxidative stress, and brain inflammation. Pretreatment with insulin alleviated\u2014while glucose augmented\u2014postischemic brain injury and inflammation. Additionally, the impairment of insulin signaling in the gastrocnemius muscles was noted in rats with cerebral ischemia, with propranolol improving the impairment by reducing oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 signaling. The anti-inflammatory effects of propranolol were further demonstrated in isoproterenol-stimulated BV2 and RAW264.7 cells through its ability to decrease cytokine production. Despite their potential benefits, stroke-associated hyperglycemia and inflammation are commonly linked with harmful consequences. Our findings provide new insight into the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and hypoglycemic mechanisms of propranolol in combating neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effects of \u03b2-Adrenergic Blockade on Metabolic and Inflammatory Responses in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Lan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.11.022","article-title":"Predictors of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in ischemic stroke undergoing systemic thrombolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"23","author":"Boehme","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-014-0336-z","article-title":"Hyperglycemia, acute ischemic stroke, and thrombolytic therapy","volume":"5","author":"Hafez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV16006","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator treatment for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"24","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14010","article-title":"The effect of post-stroke hyperglycaemia on the levels of brain damage and repair-related circulating biomarkers: The Glycaemia in Acute Stroke Study II","volume":"26","author":"Lisbona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.01.028","article-title":"Association of stroke clinical outcomes with coexistence of hyperglycemia and biomarkers of inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116553","article-title":"Protective effect of dexmedetomidine against diabetic hyperglycemia-exacerbated cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury: An in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"235","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017080","article-title":"Exacerbation of thromboinflammation by hyperglycemia precipitates cerebral infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation","volume":"48","author":"Desilles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01893-7","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator promotes TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome activation after hyperglycemic stroke in mice","volume":"57","author":"Ismael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0473-16.2016","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in stroke impairs polarization of monocytes\/macrophages to a protective noninflammatory cell type","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22538","article-title":"Hyperglycemia promotes tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage by increasing superoxide production","volume":"70","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00171","article-title":"Adrenergic regulation of innate immunity: A review","volume":"6","author":"Scanzano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.09.017","article-title":"Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript modulates peripheral immunity and protects against brain injury in experimental stroke","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319713503487","article-title":"Changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis following transient ischemic attack","volume":"65","author":"Radak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.12.016","article-title":"Hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced gluconeogenesis in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00301.2010","article-title":"Adipose proinflammatory cytokine expression through sympathetic system is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in a rat ischemic stroke model","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1593","article-title":"Activation of hepatic inflammatory pathways by catecholamines is associated with hepatic insulin resistance in male ischemic stroke rats","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890844","article-title":"Role of the sympathetic nervous system and spleen in experimental stroke-induced immunodepression","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.05.066","article-title":"The reciprocal interaction of sympathetic nervous system and cAMP-PKA-NF-kB pathway in immune suppression after experimental stroke","volume":"627","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1506-4","article-title":"Augmented \u03b22-adrenergic signaling dampens the neuroinflammatory response following ischemic stroke and increases stroke size","volume":"16","author":"Lechtenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000228859.95126.69","article-title":"Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists attenuate brain injury after transient focal ischemia in rats","volume":"103","author":"Goyagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d278f7","article-title":"Posttreatment but not pretreatment with selective beta-adrenoreceptor 1 antagonists provides neuroprotection in the hippocampus in rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemia","volume":"110","author":"Iwata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luger, S., Schwebler, A., Vutukuri, R., Bouzas, N.F., Labocha, S., Schreiber, Y., Brunkhorst, R., Steinmetz, H., Pfeilschifter, J., and Pfeilschifter, W. (2018). Beta adrenoceptor blockade ameliorates impaired glucose tolerance and alterations of the cerebral ceramide metabolism in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418769830"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.08.007","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor activation primes microglia cytokine production","volume":"254","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11848","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2985-10.2010","article-title":"Norepinephrine promotes microglia to uptake and degrade amyloid beta peptide through upregulation of mouse formyl peptide receptor 2 and induction of insulin-degrading enzyme","volume":"30","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tozaki-Saitoh, H., Sasaki, I., Yamashita, T., Hosoi, M., Kato, T.A., and Tsuda, M. Involvement of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP and tumor progression locus 2 in IL-1b production in microglial cells following activation of b-adrenergic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.03.004"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.04.006","article-title":"Beta-adrenoceptor mediated surgery-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat microglia cells","volume":"223","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.08.004","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid reduces cellular inflammatory response following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9749-y","article-title":"Chromium supplementation improved post-stroke brain infarction and hyperglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822b007a","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-blocker selectivity on blood pressure variability and stroke: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.10.010","article-title":"Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by baicalein in endotoxin\/cytokine-stimulated microglia","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00936.x","article-title":"Chromium supplementation enhances insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of obese KK\/HlJ diabetic mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.056","article-title":"Insulin in the management of acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.663476","article-title":"Early insulin glycemic control combined with tPA thrombolysis reduces acute brain tissue damages in a focal embolic stroke model of diabetic rats","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16723","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016723","article-title":"Hyperglycemia is associated with poor in-hospital outcome in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1702","article-title":"Chronic tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment causes insulin resistance via insulin receptor substrate-1 serine phosphorylation and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 induction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"148","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113342","article-title":"PM2.5 aggravates diabetes via the systemically activated IL-6-mediated STAT3\/SOCS3 pathway in rats\u2019 liver","volume":"256","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1396350","article-title":"Momordica charantia extracts ameliorate insulin resistance by regulating the expression of SOCS-3 and JNK in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.06.017","article-title":"Sustained stimulation of \u03b22- and \u03b23-adrenergic receptors leads to persistent functional pain and neuroinflammation","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01785.x","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic receptors stimulate interleukin-6 production through Epac-dependent activation of PKCd\/p38 MAPK signaling in neonatal mouse cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolmus, K., Van Troys, M., Van Wesemael, K., Ampe, C., Haegeman, G., Tavernier, J., and Gerlo, S. (2014). b-agonists selectively modulate proinflammatory gene expression in skeletal muscle cells via non-canonical nuclear crosstalk mechanisms. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090649"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.07.017","article-title":"Propranolol protects cerebral autoregulation and reduces hippocampal neuronal cell death through inhibition of interleukin-6 upregulation after traumatic brain injury in pigs","volume":"123","author":"Armstead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.11.003","article-title":"b-Adrenergic blockade protects BALB\/c mice against infection with a small inoculum of Leishmania mexicana mexicana (LV4)","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"291","article-title":"Early propranolol treatment ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in experimental septic lung","volume":"28","author":"Sencar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00553","article-title":"Meisoindigo protects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulating microglia\/macrophage polarization via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13778","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 4\/5 signaling impacts on microglial activation after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"47","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0111-4","article-title":"Modulation of M1\/M2 polarization by capsaicin contributes to the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the lipopolysaccharide-lesioned substantia nigra in vivo","volume":"50","author":"Bok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015alusarczyk, J., Trojan, E., G\u0142ombik, K., Piotrowska, A., Budziszewska, B., Kubera, M., Popio\u0142ek-Barczyk, K., Laso\u0144, W., Mika, J., and Basta-Kaim, A. (2018). Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome-related pathways via tianeptine treatment-suppressed microglia polarization to the M1 phenotype in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071965"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105951","article-title":"The tiliroside derivative, 3-O-[(E)-(2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl) but-3-en-1-yl] kaempferol produced inhibition of neuroinflammation and activation of AMPK and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways in BV-2 microglia","volume":"77","author":"Velagapudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0200","article-title":"Crosstalk between adrenergic and toll-like receptors in human mesenchymal stem cells and keratinocytes: A recipe for impaired wound healing","volume":"3","author":"Dasu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254686","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/254686","article-title":"Epinephrine enhances the response of macrophages under LPS stimulation","volume":"2014","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1159\/000358524","article-title":"Induction of M2 regulatory macrophages through the b2-adrenergic receptor with protection during endotoxemia and acute lung injury","volume":"6","author":"Grailer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.04.017","article-title":"Beta-blockers use and risk of hyperglycemia in acute stroke patients","volume":"223","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11010","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817347116","article-title":"Adrenergic receptor antagonism induces neuroprotection and facilitates recovery from acute ischemic stroke","volume":"116","author":"Monai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1972","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning improved renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury and hyperglycemia","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/6\/1373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:45Z","timestamp":1760175285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/6\/1373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9061373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9061373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}