{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:53:00Z","timestamp":1779893580016,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cockayne Syndrome (CS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative premature aging disorder associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Cells from CS patients, with mutations in CSA or CSB genes, present elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are defective in the repair of a variety of oxidatively generated DNA lesions. In this study, six purine lesions were ascertained in wild type (wt) CSA, defective CSA, wtCSB and defective CSB-transformed fibroblasts under different oxygen tensions (hyperoxic 21%, physioxic 5% and hypoxic 1%). In particular, the four 5\u2032,8-cyclopurine (cPu) and the two 8-oxo-purine (8-oxo-Pu) lesions were accurately quantified by LC-MS\/MS analysis using isotopomeric internal standards after an enzymatic digestion procedure. cPu levels were found comparable to 8-oxo-Pu in all cases (3\u20136 lesions\/106 nucleotides), slightly increasing on going from hyperoxia to physioxia to hypoxia. Moreover, higher levels of four cPu were observed under hypoxia in both CSA and CSB-defective cells as compared to normal counterparts, along with a significant enhancement of 8-oxo-Pu. These findings revealed that exposure to different oxygen tensions induced oxidative DNA damage in CS cells, repairable by NER or base excision repair (BER) pathways. In NER-defective CS patients, these results support the hypothesis that the clinical neurological features might be connected to the accumulation of cPu. Moreover, the elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria in CS cells is associated with a reduction in the oxidative DNA damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T11:03:23Z","timestamp":1594724603000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Oxygen-Dependent Accumulation of Purine DNA Lesions in Cockayne Syndrome Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marios G.","family":"Krokidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivit\u00e0, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"D\u2019Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pascucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Parlanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivit\u00e0, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Ferreri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivit\u00e0, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chryssostomos","family":"Chatgilialoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivit\u00e0, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05026.x","article-title":"Hypoxia and neurodegeneration","volume":"1177","author":"Peers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.07.033","article-title":"Pathological role of hypoxia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-3-7","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications of chronic hypoxia-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.011","article-title":"Hypoxia increases Abeta generation by altering beta- and gamma-cleavage of APP","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-013-9966-y","article-title":"Hypoxia increases A\u03b2-induced tau phosphorylation by calpain and promotes behavioral consequences in AD transgenic mice","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00282","article-title":"Acute hypoxia induced an imbalanced M1\/M2 activation of microglia through NF-\u03baB signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice and wild-type littermates","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00314","article-title":"Impacts of acute hypoxia on Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathologies in APPswe\/PS1dE9 mice and their wild type littermates","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.022","article-title":"Delta-opioid receptor activation reduces alpha-synuclein overexpression and oligomer formation induced by MPP(+) and\/or hypoxia","volume":"255","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.056","article-title":"Linking hypoxic and oxidative insults to cell death mechanisms in models of ALS","volume":"1372","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24607","article-title":"Cause and prevention of demyelination in a model multiple sclerosis lesion","volume":"79","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2549","article-title":"Transcription-coupled DNA repair: Two decades of progress and surprises","volume":"9","author":"Hanawalt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7700","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt524","article-title":"Comet-FISH with strand-specific probes reveals transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoGuanine in human cells","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45772","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107888200","article-title":"The Cockayne Syndrome group B gene product is involved in general genome base excision repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA","volume":"276","author":"Tuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210232","article-title":"The role of CSA in the response to oxidative DNA damage in human cells","volume":"26","author":"Parlanti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.007","article-title":"Defective repair of 5-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxycytidine in Cockayne syndrome cells and its complementation by Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and endonuclease III","volume":"48","author":"Foresta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2008.09.009","article-title":"Accumulation of (5\u2032S)-8,5\u2032-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxyadenosine in organs of Cockayne syndrome complementation group B gene knockout mice","volume":"8","author":"Kirkali","year":"2009","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm404","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome B protein stimulates apurinic endonuclease 1 activity and protects against agents that introduce base excision repair intermediates","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2008.11.006","article-title":"8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) causes a transcriptional inactivation of damaged DNA in the absence of functional Cockayne syndrome B (Csb) protein","volume":"8","author":"Khobta","year":"2009","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11581","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24342","article-title":"CSA and CSB play a role in the response to DNA breaks","volume":"9","author":"Pascucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07004.x","article-title":"Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage and bioenergetic dysfunction in CSB defective cells","volume":"276","author":"Osenbroch","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00815.x","article-title":"An altered redox balance mediates the hypersensitivity of Cockayne syndrome primary fibroblasts to oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Pascucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2013.02.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial deficiency in Cockayne syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Croteau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2013.03.006","article-title":"The role of CSA and CSB protein in the oxidative stress response","volume":"134","author":"Pascucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102852","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9913","article-title":"Overexpression of parkin rescues the defective mitochondrial phenotype and the increased apoptosis of Cockayne syndrome A cells","volume":"8","author":"Pascucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.06.181","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome type A protein protects primary human keratinocytes from senescence","volume":"139","author":"Cordisco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13314-y","article-title":"CSB promoter downregulation via histone H3 hypoacetylation is an early determinant of replicative senescence","volume":"10","author":"Crochemore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatgilialoglu, C., and Studer, A. (2012). Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen species. Encyclopedia of radicals in chemistry, biology and materials, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119953678"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatgilialoglu, C., and Studer, A. (2012). Reactions of small reactive species with DNA. Encyclopedia of radicals in chemistry, biology and materials, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119953678"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c00945","article-title":"Oxygen dependent purine lesions in double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides: Kinetic and computational studies highlight the mechanism for 5\u2032,8-cyclopurine formation","volume":"142","author":"Chatgilialoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2008.06.005","article-title":"8,5\u2032-Cyclopurine-2\u2032-deoxynucleosides in DNA: Mechanisms of formation, measurement, repair and biological effects","volume":"7","author":"Jaruga","year":"2008","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04247","article-title":"Chemical analysis of DNA damage","volume":"90","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00061b","article-title":"Purine 5\u2032,8-cyclonucleoside lesions: Chemistry and biology","volume":"40","author":"Chatgilialoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatgilialoglu, C., Ferreri, C., Geacintov, N.E., Krokidis, M.G., Liu, Y., Masi, A., Shafirovich, N., Terzidis, M.A., and Tsegay, P.S. (2019). 5\u2032,8-Cyclopurine lesions in DNA damage: Chemical, analytical, biological and diagnostic significance. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060513"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatgilialoglu, C., Krokidis, M.G., Masi, A., Barata-Vallejo, S., Ferreri, C., Terzidis, M.A., Szreder, T., and Bobrowski, K. (2019). New insights into the reaction paths of hydroxyl radicals with purine moieties in DNA and double-stranded oligonucleotides. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213860"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300302a","article-title":"Stability of N-glycosidic bond of (5\u2032S)-8,5\u2032-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine","volume":"25","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2015.00047","article-title":"An ameliorative protocol for the quantification of purine 5\u2032,8-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxynucleosides in oxidized DNA","volume":"3","author":"Terzidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8377","DOI":"10.1021\/ja800763j","article-title":"The fate of C5\u2032 radicals of purine nucleosides under oxidative conditions","volume":"130","author":"Boussicault","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1039\/c004531d","article-title":"Radiation-induced formation of purine 5\u2032,8-cyclonucleosides in isolated and cellular DNA: High stereospecificity and modulating effect of oxygen","volume":"8","author":"Belmadoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.070471597","article-title":"Removal of oxygen free-radical-induced 5\u2032,8-purine cyclodeoxynucleosides from DNA by the nucleotide excision-repair pathway in human cells","volume":"97","author":"Kuraoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5020","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku162","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of diastereomeric 5\u2032,8-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxypurine lesions by the human nucleotide excision repair system","volume":"42","author":"Kropachev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300294d","article-title":"Comparative analysis of four oxidized guanine lesions from reactions of DNA with peroxynitrite, single oxygen, and \u03b3-radiation","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2016-0011","article-title":"Technical aspects of oxygen level regulation in primary cell cultures: A review","volume":"9","author":"Yazdani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ani, A., Toms, D., Kondro, D., Thundathil, J., Yu, Y., and Ungrin, M. (2018). Oxygenation in cell culture: Critical parameters for reproducibility are routinely not reported. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204269"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.025","article-title":"Altered cellular redox homeostasis and redox responses under standard oxygen cell culture conditions versus physioxia","volume":"26","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1643017","article-title":"Cyclopurine (cPu) lesions: What, how and why?","volume":"53","author":"Chatgilialoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"232","article-title":"Differential role of transcription-coupled repair in UVB\u2013induced response of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes","volume":"65","author":"Teson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krokidis, M.G., Louka, M., Efthimiadou, E.K., Zervou, S.K., Papadopoulos, K., Hiskia, A., Ferreri, C., and Chatgilialoglu, C. (2019). Membrane lipidome reorganization and accumulation of tissue DNA lesions in tumor-bearing mice: An exploratory study. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040480"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1325485","article-title":"Purine 5\u2032,8-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxynucleoside lesions: Formation by radical stress and repair in human breast epithelial cancer cells","volume":"51","author":"Krokidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart, J.A., Fonseca, J., Moradi, F., Cunningham, C., Seliman, B., Worsfold, C.R., Dolan, S., Abando, J., and Maddalena, L.A. (2018). How supraphysiological oxygen levels in standard cell culture affect oxygen-consuming reactions. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 8238459.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8238459"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawanishi, S., Ohnishi, S., Ma, N., Hiraku, Y., and Murata, M. (2017). Crosstalk between DNA damage and inflammation in the multiple steps of carcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081808"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.058503","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in intermittent hypoxia-induced immediate early gene activation in rat PC12 cells","volume":"557","author":"Yuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.4.1151","article-title":"Catecholamine response during 12 days of high-altitude exposure (4,300 m) in women","volume":"84","author":"Mazzeo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90008-6","article-title":"Cellular reducing equivalents and oxidative stress","volume":"17","author":"Kehrer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.05.008","article-title":"Redox regulation of genome stability by effects on gene expression, epigenetic pathways and DNA damage\/repair","volume":"5","author":"Mikhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgu066","article-title":"hOGG1-Cys326 variant cells are hypersensitive to DNA repair inhibition by nitric oxide","volume":"35","author":"Moritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20024","article-title":"Nitric oxide and p53 in cancer-prone chronic inflammation and oxyradical overload disease","volume":"44","author":"Goodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101562","article-title":"Increased levels of 5\u2032,8-cyclopurine DNA lesions in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"34","author":"Masi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422264112","article-title":"Reversal of mitochondrial defects with CSB-dependent serine protease inhibitors in patient cells of the progeroid Cockayne syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Chatre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400221w","article-title":"Induction of 8,5\u2032-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxyadenosine and 8,5\u2032-cyclo-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine in isolated DNA by Fenton-type reagents","volume":"26","author":"Guerrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krokidis, M.G., Parlanti, E., D\u2019Errico, M., Pascucci, B., Pino, A., Alimonti, A., Pietraforte, D., Masi, A., Ferreri, C., and Chatgilialoglu, C. (2019). Purine DNA lesions at different oxygen concentration in DNA repair-impaired human cells (EUE-siXPA). Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111377"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.028","article-title":"The cyclopurine deoxynucleosides: DNA repair, biological effects, mechanistic insights, and unanswered questions","volume":"107","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1086\/380399","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome group B cellular and biochemical functions","volume":"73","author":"Licht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2013.04.018","article-title":"Blinded by the UV light: How the focus on transcription-coupled NER has distracted from understanding the mechanisms of Cockayne syndrome neurologic disease","volume":"12","author":"Brooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Repair"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010041","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000}}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/7\/1671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T22:44:18Z","timestamp":1754261058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/7\/1671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9071671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9071671","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/cells10010041","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]}}}