{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:38:57Z","timestamp":1782999537495,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-010- 018-MY3, MOST 107-2314-B-010-020-MY3, MOST 107-2314-B-182-018, 108-2314-B-037-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-010- 018-MY3, MOST 107-2314-B-010-020-MY3, MOST 107-2314-B-182-018, 108-2314-B-037-038-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhibitor of DNA-binding\/differentiation (Id) proteins, a family of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins that includes four members of Id1 to Id4 in mammalian cells, are critical for regulating cell growth, differentiation, senescence, cell cycle progression, and increasing angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, as well as accelerating the ability of cell migration. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in the adult population, manifests the signs of cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and functional impairment. The underlying mechanisms for AD are not well-clarified yet, but the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides (A\u03b2s), the major components in the senile plaques observed in AD brains, contributes significantly to the disease progression. Emerging evidence reveals that aberrant cell cycle reentry may play a central role in A\u03b2-induced neuronal demise. Recently, we have shown that several signaling mediators, including Id1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), cyclin-dependent kinases-5 (CDK5), and sonic hedgehog (Shh), may contribute to A\u03b2-induced cell cycle reentry in postmitotic neurons; furthermore, Id1 and CDK5\/p25 mutually antagonize the expression\/activity of each other. Therefore, Id proteins may potentially have clinical applications in AD. In this review article, we introduce the underlying mechanisms for cell cycle dysregulation in AD and present some examples, including our own studies, to show different aspects of Id1 in terms of cell cycle reentry and other signaling that may be crucial to alter the neuronal fates in this devastating neurodegenerative disease. A thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms may provide a rationale to make an earlier intervention before the occurrence of cell cycle reentry and subsequent apoptosis in the fully differentiated neurons during the progression of AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T03:23:16Z","timestamp":1595388196000},"page":"1746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Emerging Roles of Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Cell Cycle Reentry and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang-Der","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833401, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenq-Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City 106243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1230-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A-Ching","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding-I","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"a006189","article-title":"Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease","volume":"1","author":"Frosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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