{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:14:54Z","timestamp":1791000894094,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immaturity of the brain. The risks are inversely proportional to maturity at birth. In the majority of extremely preterm infants (&lt;28 weeks\u2019 gestation), perinatal brain injury is associated with exposure to multiple inflammatory perinatal triggers that include antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis), hypoxia-ischemia, and various postnatal injurious triggers (i.e., oxidative stress, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability). These perinatal insults cause a self-perpetuating cascade of peripheral and cerebral inflammation that plays a critical role in the etiology of diffuse white and grey matter injuries that underlies a spectrum of connectivity deficits in survivors from extremely preterm birth. This review focuses on chorioamnionitis and hypoxia-ischemia, which are two important antenatal risk factors for preterm brain injury, and highlights the latest insights on its pathophysiology, potential treatment, and future perspectives to narrow the translational gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"1871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Preterm Brain Injury, Antenatal Triggers, and Therapeutics: Timing Is Key"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daan R.M.G.","family":"Ophelders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Gussenhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luise","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reint K.","family":"Jellema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob J.J.","family":"Westerlaken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias C.","family":"H\u00fctten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Wassink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair J.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim G.A.M.","family":"Wolfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24132","article-title":"Brain injury in premature neonates: A primary cerebral dysmaturation disorder?","volume":"75","author":"Back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Apremont, I., Marshall, G., Musalem, C., Mariani, G., Musante, G., Bancalari, A., Fabres, J., Mena, P., Zegarra, J., and Tavosnanska, J. (2020). Trends in Perinatal Practices and Neonatal Outcomes of VLBW Infants during a 16-year Period at NEOCOSUR Centers. J. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.040"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.12.053","article-title":"Decreasing incidence and severity of cerebral palsy in prematurely born children","volume":"159","author":"Groenendaal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181a9ef34","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in preterm infants: Antecedent factors, brain imaging, and outcome","volume":"66","author":"Logitharajah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0700-y","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of white matter diseases of prematurity","volume":"52","author":"Rutherford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12445","article-title":"White matter microstructure is influenced by extremely preterm birth and neonatal respiratory factors","volume":"103","author":"Alexandrou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20134","article-title":"Sequence of oligodendrocyte development in the human fetal telencephalon","volume":"49","author":"Jakovcevski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.046","article-title":"Different patterns of cortical maturation before and after 38 weeks gestational age demonstrated by diffusion MRI in vivo","volume":"185","author":"Batalle","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.058","article-title":"Cortical maturation and myelination in healthy toddlers and young children","volume":"115","author":"Deoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18618","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2811-13.2013","article-title":"Intracortical myelin links with performance variability across the human lifespan: Results from T1-and T2-weighted MRI myelin mapping and diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"33","author":"Grydeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.017","article-title":"Delineation of early brain development from fetuses to infants with diffusion MRI and beyond","volume":"185","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23256","article-title":"Origin and dynamics of oligodendrocytes in the developing brain: Implications for perinatal white matter injury","volume":"66","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.012","article-title":"The developing oligodendrocyte: Key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant","volume":"29","author":"Volpe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00455.2002","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"22","author":"Back","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06241.1998","article-title":"Maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion","volume":"18","author":"Back","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21359","article-title":"Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury","volume":"63","author":"Segovia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22658","article-title":"Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury","volume":"62","author":"Back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.664343","article-title":"Brain tissue volumes in preterm infants: Prematurity, perinatal risk factors and neurodevelopmental outcome: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Keunen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volpe, J.J. (2019). Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr. Neurol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13629","article-title":"Complex interactions between hypoxia-ischemia and inflammation in preterm brain injury","volume":"60","author":"Galinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.632265","article-title":"Differential susceptibility to axonopathy in necrotic and non-necrotic perinatal white matter injury","volume":"43","author":"Riddle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23216","article-title":"Combined fetal inflammation and postnatal hypoxia causes myelin deficits and autism-like behavior in a rat model of diffuse white matter injury","volume":"66","author":"Achterberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24100","article-title":"Prenatal cerebral ischemia triggers dysmaturation of caudate projection neurons","volume":"75","author":"McClendon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11912","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2396-17.2017","article-title":"Transient Hypoxemia Chronically Disrupts Maturation of Preterm Fetal Ovine Subplate Neuron Arborization and Activity","volume":"37","author":"McClendon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36083-y","article-title":"Loss of interneurons and disruption of perineuronal nets in the cerebral cortex following hypoxia-ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep","volume":"8","author":"Fowke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04168.x","article-title":"Cerebellar volume and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at term, and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age in preterm infants","volume":"54","author":"Benders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.04.010","article-title":"Structure-function relationships in the developing cerebellum: Evidence from early-life cerebellar injury and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Stoodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5589","article-title":"Cerebellar Growth Impairment Characterizes School-Aged Children Born Preterm without Perinatal Brain Lesions","volume":"39","author":"Pieterman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ajnr Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1041","article-title":"Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors?","volume":"120","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338067","article-title":"Cerebellum of the premature infant: Rapidly developing, vulnerable, clinically important","volume":"24","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Stoodley, C., Brossard-Racine, M., Kapse, K., Vezina, G., Murnick, J., du Plessis, A.J., and Limperopoulos, C. (2020). Altered local cerebellar and brainstem development in preterm infants. NeuroImage, 116702.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116702"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0602-3","article-title":"Injury of the developing cerebellum: A brief review of the effects of endotoxin and asphyxial challenges in the late gestation sheep fetus","volume":"13","author":"Hutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412831","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/412831","article-title":"The consequences of chorioamnionitis: Preterm birth and effects on development","volume":"2013","author":"Galinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, V., and Perlman, J.M. (2020). Mechanisms of brain injury in newborn infants associated with the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Semin. Fetal Neonat. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101110"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040","article-title":"Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: Definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.05.001","article-title":"Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery","volume":"11","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.011","article-title":"Intrauterine inflammation, insufficient to induce parturition, still evokes fetal and neonatal brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Elovitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.850668","article-title":"The effect of histological chorioamnionitis on the short-term outcome of preterm infants \u2264 32 weeks: A single-center study","volume":"27","author":"Arayici","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.05.001","article-title":"Contribution of Histologic Chorioamnionitis and Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome to Increased Risk of Brain Injury in Infants With Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0250","article-title":"A \u201cmulti-hit\u201d model of neonatal white matter injury: Cumulative contributions of chronic placental inflammation, acute fetal inflammation and postnatal inflammatory events","volume":"42","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.49","article-title":"Histological chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants","volume":"33","author":"Soraisham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinatol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70272-8","article-title":"The fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"179","author":"Gomez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0","article-title":"Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4248","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and early childhood outcomes among extremely low-gestational-age neonates","volume":"168","author":"Pappas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jama Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338066","article-title":"Fetal inflammatory response and brain injury in the preterm newborn","volume":"24","author":"Malaeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3269","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A review for the clinician","volume":"169","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103.e101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.01.004","article-title":"Preterm neonatal morbidity and mortality by gestational age: A contemporary cohort","volume":"215","author":"Manuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.094","article-title":"A systematic review of the role of intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia in the causation of neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"199","author":"Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.07.004","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal origins of altered brain development","volume":"81","author":"Rees","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Lv, H., Lu, L., Ren, P., and Li, L. (2018). Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Emerging therapeutic strategies based on pathophysiologic phases of the injury. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1468881"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000123904.17746.92","article-title":"Window of opportunity of cerebral hypothermia for postischemic white matter injury in the near-term fetal sheep","volume":"24","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70058-3","article-title":"Tertiary mechanisms of brain damage: A new hope for treatment of cerebral palsy?","volume":"11","author":"Fleiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1159\/000479021","article-title":"The Paradoxical Effects of Chronic Intra-Amniotic Ureaplasma parvum Exposure on Ovine Fetal Brain Development","volume":"39","author":"Gussenhoven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0492-z","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and structural injury of the fetal ovine brain following intra-amniotic Candida albicans exposure","volume":"13","author":"Ophelders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1149-x","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis, neuroinflammation, and injury: Timing is key in the preterm ovine fetus","volume":"15","author":"Gussenhoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.09.004","article-title":"The cellular response in neuroinflammation: The role of leukocytes, microglia and astrocytes in neuronal death and survival","volume":"6","author":"Carson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00003","article-title":"Neurobiology of periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant","volume":"50","author":"Volpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82.e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.020","article-title":"Systemic and cerebral inflammatory response to umbilical cord occlusions with worsening acidosis in the ovine fetus","volume":"202","author":"Prout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.12.022","article-title":"Dopamine treatment during acute hypoxia is neuroprotective in the developing sheep brain","volume":"316","author":"Brew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0045-5","article-title":"Dobutamine treatment reduces inflammation in the preterm fetal sheep brain exposed to acute hypoxia","volume":"84","author":"Brew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16650455","article-title":"Partial white and grey matter protection with prolonged infusion of recombinant human erythropoietin after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"37","author":"Wassink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-13","article-title":"Cerebral inflammation and mobilization of the peripheral immune system following global hypoxia-ischemia in preterm sheep","volume":"10","author":"Jellema","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.09.026","article-title":"Systemic G-CSF attenuates cerebral inflammation and hypomyelination but does not reduce seizure burden in preterm sheep exposed to global hypoxia\u2013ischemia","volume":"250","author":"Jellema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellema, R.K., Wolfs, T.G., Lima Passos, V., Zwanenburg, A., Ophelders, D.R., Kuypers, E., Hopman, A.H., Dudink, J., Steinbusch, H.W., and Andriessen, P. (2013). Mesenchymal stem cells induce T-cell tolerance and protect the preterm brain after global hypoxia-ischemia. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073031"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0197","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect the Fetal Brain After Hypoxia-Ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Ophelders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0459-5","article-title":"Multipotent adult progenitor cells for hypoxic-ischemic injury in the preterm brain","volume":"12","author":"Jellema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, J.O., Drury, P.P., Green, C.R., Nicholson, L.F., Bennet, L., and Gunn, A.J. (2014). Connexin hemichannel blockade is neuroprotective after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096558"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34654-7","article-title":"EEG sharp waves are a biomarker of striatal neuronal survival after hypoxia-ischemia in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"8","author":"Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00296","article-title":"The beneficial effects of melatonin administration following hypoxia-ischemia in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"11","author":"Yawno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.07.006","article-title":"Preterm umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells protect preterm white matter brain development against hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.017","article-title":"Preterm white matter brain injury is prevented by early administration of umbilical cord blood cells","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17729954","article-title":"Delayed intranasal infusion of human amnion epithelial cells improves white matter maturation after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"39","author":"Fraser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.119602","article-title":"The effect of cerebral hypothermia on white and grey matter injury induced by severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"578","author":"Bennet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22501","article-title":"Histopathological correlates of magnetic resonance imaging\u2013defined chronic perinatal white matter injury","volume":"70","author":"Riddle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22627","article-title":"Arrested preoligodendrocyte maturation contributes to myelination failure in premature infants","volume":"71","author":"Buser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.257512","article-title":"Can we further optimize therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000467392","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neonates","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.05.043","article-title":"Effects of maternal treatment with corticosteroids on tight junction protein expression in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus with and without exposure to in utero brain ischemia","volume":"1160","author":"Malaeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.043","article-title":"Ischemia\u2013reperfusion impairs blood\u2013brain barrier function and alters tight junction protein expression in the ovine fetus","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussenhoven, R., Klein, L., Ophelders, D., Habets, D.H.J., Giebel, B., Kramer, B.W., Schurgers, L.J., Reutelingsperger, C.P.M., and Wolfs, T. (2019). Annexin A1 as Neuroprotective Determinant for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020137"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loiola, R.A., Wickstead, E.S., Solito, E., and McArthur, S. (2019). Estrogen Promotes Pro-resolving Microglial Behavior and Phagocytic Cell Clearance Through the Actions of Annexin A1. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00420"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0692-6","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory Annexin A1 induces the clearance and degradation of the amyloid-beta peptide","volume":"13","author":"Ries","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001095","article-title":"Annexin A1: A Central Player in the Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Role of Microglia","volume":"185","author":"McArthur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274938","article-title":"The myth of the immature barrier systems in the developing brain: Role in perinatal brain injury","volume":"596","author":"Mallard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534503","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke","volume":"40","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-012-0239-9","article-title":"Splenic immune cells in experimental neonatal hypoxia\u2013ischemia","volume":"4","author":"Fathali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.04.002","article-title":"Microglia toxicity in preterm brain injury","volume":"48","author":"Baburamani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.13","article-title":"The role of inflammation in perinatal brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Hagberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000328989","article-title":"The yin and yang of microglia","volume":"33","author":"Czeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.10.022","article-title":"Immune responses in perinatal brain injury","volume":"63","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx046","article-title":"Insights Into the Neuroinflammatory Responses After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia","volume":"76","author":"Jaworska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01792-7","article-title":"Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice","volume":"17","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5360-06.2007","article-title":"Selective ablation of proliferating microglial cells exacerbates ischemic injury in the brain","volume":"27","author":"Gowing","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12992","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2102-11.2011","article-title":"Microglial cells contribute to endogenous brain defenses after acute neonatal focal stroke","volume":"31","author":"Faustino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-009-9164-4","article-title":"Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Colton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.02.005","article-title":"Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Chhor","year":"2013","journal-title":"BrainBehav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstr\u00f6m Erkenstam, N., Smith, P.L.P., Fleiss, B., Nair, S., Svedin, P., Wang, W., Bostr\u00f6m, M., Gressens, P., Hagberg, H., and Brown, K.L. (2016). Temporal Characterization of Microglia\/Macrophage Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00286"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00237","article-title":"Early Pro-inflammatory Microglia Activation After Inflammation-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats","volume":"13","author":"Serdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.83","article-title":"Serum cytokines in a clinical trial of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"32","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70016-3","article-title":"Treatment advances in neonatal neuroprotection and neurointensive care","volume":"10","author":"Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1344-9","article-title":"Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Delves, P.J. (1998). Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1). Encyclopedia of Immunology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6722","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0324-18.2018","article-title":"Endogenous Protection from Ischemic Brain Injury by Preconditioned Monocytes","volume":"38","author":"Brea","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199705000-00002","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in the production of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the neonatal rat","volume":"41","author":"Hudome","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000113546.03897.FC","article-title":"Timing of neutrophil depletion influences long-term neuroprotection in neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"55","author":"Palmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.111147","article-title":"Ischemic stroke in neonatal and adult astrocytes","volume":"183","author":"Revuelta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24590","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic-related cerebrovascular changes and potential therapeutic strategies in the neonatal brain","volume":"98","author":"Disdier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4288","article-title":"Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: Key functions and signaling pathways","volume":"19","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000214975.85311.9c","article-title":"Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants","volume":"59","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00144","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation after acute hypoxic-ischemic injury of developing brain","volume":"2","author":"Bhalala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-34","article-title":"Delayed administration of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor limits progressive brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat","volume":"5","author":"Leonardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.06.006","article-title":"Astrocytes: Key regulators of neuroinflammation","volume":"37","author":"Colombo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23212","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte COX2-PGE2 production inhibits oligodendrocyte maturation in neonatal white matter injury","volume":"65","author":"Shiow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01852-y","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in the neurovascular unit in the preterm fetal sheep brain","volume":"17","author":"Disdier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4184","article-title":"Glia as drivers of abnormal neuronal activity","volume":"19","author":"Robel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111398498","article-title":"A mouse model of term chorioamnionitis: Unraveling causes of adverse neurological outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Burd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-5-22","article-title":"Developmental maturation of astrocytes and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.009","article-title":"Phytoestrogen coumestrol attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction and long-term cognitive deficits following neonatal hypoxia\u2013ischemia","volume":"79","author":"Anastacio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.01.012","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells improve neonatal rat memory after hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"362","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.003","article-title":"Arundic acid administration protects astrocytes, recovers histological damage and memory deficits induced by neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats","volume":"76","author":"Mari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagen, M.W., Riddle, A., McClendon, E., Gong, X., Shaver, D., Srivastava, T., Dean, J.M., Bai, J.-Z., Fowke, T.M., and Gunn, A.J. (2014). Role of recurrent hypoxia-ischemia in preterm white matter injury severity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112800"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45872-y","article-title":"Protective effects of delayed intraventricular TLR7 agonist administration on cerebral white and gray matter following asphyxia in the preterm fetal sheep","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.226378","article-title":"Glia and hemichannels: Key mediators of perinatal encephalopathy","volume":"13","author":"Galinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00159","article-title":"Lymphocytes Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Neonatal Brain Injury","volume":"9","author":"Nazmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5HI0914-447R","article-title":"Perinatal chronic hypoxia induces cortical inflammation, hypomyelination, and peripheral myelin-specific T cell autoreactivity","volume":"99","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01696","article-title":"Peripheral T cell depletion by FTY720 exacerbates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice","volume":"9","author":"Herz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, S.E., Berg, M., Hunt, R., Tarnow-Mordi, W.O., Inder, T.E., and Davis, P.G. (2013). Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003311.pub3"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112066","article-title":"Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Shankaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1315788","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia on childhood outcomes","volume":"371","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.019","article-title":"Safety and short-term outcomes of therapeutic hypothermia in preterm neonates 34\u201335 weeks gestational age with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"183","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.06.018","article-title":"Effect of cerebral hypothermia and asphyxia on the subventricular zone and white matter tracts in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"1469","author":"Barrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2013.12.006","article-title":"Hypothermia is not neuroprotective after infection-sensitized neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"85","author":"Osredkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000455838","article-title":"Hypothermic neuronal rescue from infection-sensitised hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is pathogen dependent","volume":"39","author":"Falck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0183","article-title":"Use of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells to prevent perinatal brain injury: A preclinical study","volume":"22","author":"Dalous","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.679092","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells prevent hydrocephalus after severe intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"44","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0219","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants: Phase I Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.68","article-title":"Intravenous grafts recapitulate the neurorestoration afforded by intracerebrally delivered multipotent adult progenitor cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rats","volume":"28","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate inflammation-induced preterm brain injury","volume":"60","author":"Drommelschmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomi, G., Joerger-Messerli, M., Haesler, V., Muri, L., Surbek, D., and Schoeberlein, A. (2019). Intranasally administered exosomes from umbilical cord stem cells have preventive neuroprotective effects and contribute to functional recovery after perinatal brain injury. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080855"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-258822","article-title":"Anti\u2013IL-6 neutralizing antibody modulates blood-brain barrier function in the ovine fetus","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01769-6","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibition attenuates white matter gliosis after systemic inflammation in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"17","author":"Galinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.09.007","article-title":"Neutralizing anti-interleukin-1\u03b2 antibodies modulate fetal blood\u2013brain barrier function after ischemia","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.08.002","article-title":"Systemic infusions of anti-interleukin-1\u03b2 neutralizing antibodies reduce short-term brain injury after cerebral ischemia in the ovine fetus","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BrainBehav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.051","article-title":"Neutralizing anti-interleukin-1\u03b2 antibodies reduce ischemia-related interleukin-1\u03b2 transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier in fetal sheep","volume":"346","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.483008","article-title":"Erythropoietin promotes neuronal replacement through revascularization and neurogenesis after neonatal hypoxia\/ischemia in rats","volume":"38","author":"Iwai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.570325","article-title":"Enhanced oligodendrogenesis and recovery of neurological function by erythropoietin after neonatal hypoxic\/ischemic brain injury","volume":"41","author":"Iwai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180332cec","article-title":"A comparison of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin treatment regimens in brain-injured neonatal rats","volume":"61","author":"Kellert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1159\/000345645","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic benefit of delayed administration of erythropoietin following early hypoxic-ischemic injury in rodents","volume":"34","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.07.007","article-title":"Erythropoietin is neuroprotective against NMDA-receptor-mediated excitotoxic brain injury in newborn mice","volume":"24","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181d27138","article-title":"Erythropoietin is neuroprotective in a preterm ovine model of endotoxin-induced brain injury","volume":"69","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24677","article-title":"Recombinant human erythropoietin improves neurological outcomes in very preterm infants","volume":"80","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1907423","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants","volume":"382","author":"Juul","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.H., Davidson, J.O., Dean, J.M., Bennet, L., and Gunn, A.J. (2020). Cooling and immunomodulation for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Pediatrics Int.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14215"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00040","article-title":"The mechanisms and treatment of asphyxial encephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Wassink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000059566.39780.8D","article-title":"Mild hypothermia inhibits nuclear factor-\u03baB translocation in experimental stroke","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-60","article-title":"Mild hypothermia causes differential, time-dependent changes in cytokine expression and gliosis following endothelin-1-induced transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"8","author":"Ceulemans","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119153","article-title":"Dramatic neuronal rescue with prolonged selective head cooling after ischemia in fetal lambs","volume":"99","author":"Gunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"F398","article-title":"Brain injury following trial of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"97","author":"Shankaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. -Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F80","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303710","article-title":"Predictive value of the amplitude integrated EEG in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: Data from a randomised trial of therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"99","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. -Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.22.5.876","article-title":"The influence of the thermal environment upon the survival of newly born premature infants","volume":"22","author":"Silverman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.07.012","article-title":"Brain cooling for preterm infants","volume":"35","author":"Gunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12784","article-title":"Cooling neonates who do not fulfil the standard cooling criteria\u2013short-and long-term outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.054","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory-associated proteins in the first month of life and cognitive impairment at age 10 years in children born extremely preterm","volume":"180","author":"Kuban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280506","article-title":"Induced hypothermia in severe bacterial meningitis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"310","author":"Mourvillier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22670","article-title":"Cell therapy for neonatal hypoxia\u2013ischemia and cerebral palsy","volume":"71","author":"Bennet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22518","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for neonatal brain injury: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"70","author":"Titomanlio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.03.003","article-title":"Regeneration of the ischemic brain by engineered stem cells: Fuelling endogenous repair processes","volume":"61","author":"Kavelaars","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316296","article-title":"Regenerative therapies in neonatology: Clinical perspectives","volume":"224","author":"Gortner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Klin. P\u00e4diatrie"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31821d0d00","article-title":"Baby STEPS: A giant leap for cell therapy in neonatal brain injury","volume":"70","author":"Borlongan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.3","article-title":"The endogenous regenerative capacity of the damaged newborn brain: Boosting neurogenesis with mesenchymal stem cell treatment","volume":"33","author":"Donega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.64","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for neonatal ischemic brain damage","volume":"71","author":"Kavelaars","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.09.002","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for neonatal brain injury","volume":"41","author":"Fleiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00870","article-title":"Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow","volume":"418","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09262","article-title":"Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche","volume":"466","author":"Michurina","year":"2010","journal-title":"nature"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2395","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Uccelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3209","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and the innate immune system","volume":"12","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000141567","article-title":"Clinical protocols for the isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"35","author":"Bieback","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.101","article-title":"Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre-and perinatal neuroregeneration","volume":"194","author":"Schoeberlein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2011.01.004","article-title":"Neuroprotective features of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Uccelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181a285b0","article-title":"The immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"87","author":"Siegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9603","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1835-10.2010","article-title":"Repeated mesenchymal stem cell treatment after neonatal hypoxia\u2013ischemia has distinct effects on formation and maturation of new neurons and oligodendrocytes leading to restoration of damage, corticospinal motor tract activity, and sensorimotor function","volume":"30","author":"Kavelaars","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0614","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells instruct oligodendrogenic fate decision on adult neural stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Rivera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0137","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells prime proliferating adult neural progenitors toward an oligodendrocyte fate","volume":"21","author":"Steffenhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.07.005","article-title":"Intravenous multipotent adult progenitor cell therapy for traumatic brain injury: Preserving the blood brain barrier via an interaction with splenocytes","volume":"225","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-228","article-title":"Intravenous multipotent adult progenitor cell therapy after traumatic brain injury: Modulation of the resident microglia population","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16795","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16795","article-title":"Intravenous multipotent adult progenitor cell treatment decreases inflammation leading to functional recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"DePaul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.009","article-title":"Intranasally administered mesenchymal stem cells promote a regenerative niche for repair of neonatal ischemic brain injury","volume":"261","author":"Donega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donega, V., van Velthoven, C.T., Nijboer, C.H., van Bel, F., Kas, M.J., Kavelaars, A., and Heijnen, C.J. (2013). Intranasal mesenchymal stem cell treatment for neonatal brain damage: Long-term cognitive and sensorimotor improvement. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051253"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13528","article-title":"Repair of neonatal brain injury: Bringing stem cell-based therapy into clinical practice","volume":"59","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med. Child. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"419","article-title":"Nasal administration of stem cells: A promising novel route to treat neonatal ischemic brain damage","volume":"68","author":"Kavelaars","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0027","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells preserves myelination in perinatal brain damage","volume":"25","author":"Oppliger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finder, M., Boylan, G.B., Twomey, D., Ahearne, C., Murray, D.M., and Hallberg, B. (2019). Two-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Mild Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Era of Therapeutic Hypothermia. Jama Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4011"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0202","article-title":"Trends in mesenchymal stem cell clinical trials 2004\u20132018: Is efficacy optimal in a narrow dose range?","volume":"9","author":"Kabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30046-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells in acute ischaemic stroke (MASTERS): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Hess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.036","article-title":"Feasibility of autologous cord blood cells for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"164","author":"Cotten","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.061","article-title":"Two-Year Follow-Up Outcomes of Premature Infants Enrolled in the Phase I Trial of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"185","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trial","volume":"164","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, S.B., and Silvestri, J.M. (2019). Safety of Intratracheal Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. J. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.029"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0102","article-title":"Effect of Autologous Cord Blood Infusion on Motor Function and Brain Connectivity in Young Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, M., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, L., Wang, L., Yao, R., Duan, S., Tong, S., and Li, J. (2018). Bone mesenchymal stem cells transplantation combined with mild hypothermia improves the prognosis of cerebral ischemia in rats. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197405"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.006","article-title":"Interaction between hypothermia and delayed mesenchymal stem cell therapy in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"70","author":"Herz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2009.12.003","article-title":"Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.11.35","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell exosome: A novel stem cell-based therapy for cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regen Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1602-5","article-title":"Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate neuroinflammation evoked by focal brain injury in rats","volume":"16","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.11.006","article-title":"Transporters of the blood-brain and blood-CSF interfaces in development and in the adult","volume":"34","author":"Saunders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00040","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in disorders of the developing brain","volume":"9","author":"Moretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.10.1057","article-title":"Lipocortin 1: Glucocorticoids caught in the act?","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00938","article-title":"Annexin-A1: Therapeutic Potential in Microvascular Disease","volume":"10","author":"Purvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209362110","article-title":"Identification of an essential endogenous regulator of blood-brain barrier integrity, and its pathological and therapeutic implications","volume":"110","author":"Cristante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0043-0","article-title":"The restorative role of annexin A1 at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"13","author":"McArthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers Cns"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.06.006","article-title":"IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and outcomes of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Aly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disdier, C., Chen, X., Kim, J.-E., Threlkeld, S.W., and Stonestreet, B.S. (2018). Anti-Cytokine Therapy to Attenuate Ischemic-Reperfusion Associated Brain Injury in the Perinatal Period. Brain Sci, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8060101"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oorschot, D.E., Sizemore, R.J., and Amer, A.R. (2020). Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy with Erythropoietin Alone, and Erythropoietin Combined with Hypothermia: History, Current Status, and Future Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041487"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.04.004","article-title":"The biological basis of injury and neuroprotection in the fetal and neonatal brain","volume":"29","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000105493","article-title":"Erythropoietin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"92","author":"Kumral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlsson, A., and Aher, S.M. (2017). Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004863.pub5"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1718-6","article-title":"White matter injury in the preterm infant: Pathology and mechanisms","volume":"134","author":"Back","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160251","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0251","article-title":"Developmental assessments in preterm children: A meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12723","article-title":"Inflammation-induced sensitization of the brain in term infants","volume":"57","author":"Fleiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med. Child. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.10.006","article-title":"Preconditioning and the developing brain","volume":"28","author":"Hagberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00516","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis sensitizes perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in male but not female mice","volume":"11","author":"Gravina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.188","article-title":"Two-hit model of brain damage in the very preterm newborn: Small for gestational age and postnatal systemic inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Leviton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F153","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.108837","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury of prematurity","volume":"93","author":"Khwaja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271402","article-title":"The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"594","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000444918","article-title":"Ventilation-Induced Brain Injury in Preterm Neonates: A Review of Potential Therapies","volume":"110","author":"Barton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.11.017","article-title":"Exploring the multiple-hit hypothesis of preterm white matter damage using diffusion MRI","volume":"17","author":"Barnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109035","article-title":"The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis","volume":"183","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_230","unstructured":"Ophelders, D.R.M.G., Boots, A.W., H\u00fctten, M.C., Al-Nasiry, S., Jellema, R.K., Spiller, O.B., van Schooten, F.J., Smolinska, A., and Wolfs, T.G.A.M. Screening of chorioamnionitis using volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath: A pre-clinical proof of concept study, In preparation."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Pagnozzi, A., Bourgeat, P., George, J.M., Bradford, D., Colditz, P.B., Boyd, R.N., Rose, S.E., Fripp, J., and Pannek, K. (2020). Predicting motor outcome in preterm infants from very early brain diffusion MRI using a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model. NeuroImage, 116807.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116807"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.27","article-title":"Lowered electroencephalographic spectral edge frequency predicts the presence of cerebral white matter injury in premature infants","volume":"111","author":"Inder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02677.x","article-title":"Early single-channel aEEG\/EEG predicts outcome in very preterm infants","volume":"101","author":"Pupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270479","article-title":"Absent cyclicity on aEEG within the first 24 h is associated with brain damage in preterm infants","volume":"41","author":"Kidokoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64211-0","article-title":"Applying a data-driven approach to quantify eeG maturational deviations in preterms with normal and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Pillay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2003.01136.x","article-title":"Umbilical cord interleukin-6 levels are elevated in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia","volume":"33","author":"Chiesa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00416.x","article-title":"IL-6: An early marker for outcome in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"111","author":"Krakenes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.507294","article-title":"An elevated fetal interleukin-6 concentration can be observed in fetuses with anemia due to Rh alloimmunization: Implications for the understanding of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Vaisbuch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.012","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and traumatic brain injury outcomes: A review","volume":"110","author":"Rodney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0397-2","article-title":"New means to assess neonatal inflammatory brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kersbergen, K.J., Benders, M.J., Groenendaal, F., Koopman-Esseboom, C., Nievelstein, R.A., van Haastert, I.C., and de Vries, L.S. (2014). Different patterns of punctate white matter lesions in serially scanned preterm infants. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108904"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70073-5","article-title":"Preterm birth and the developing brain","volume":"7","author":"Ment","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0782-0","article-title":"The development and validation of a cerebral ultrasound scoring system for infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"87","author":"Annink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0779-8","article-title":"Cranial ultrasound by neonatologists","volume":"87","author":"Govaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0776-y","article-title":"State-of-the-art neonatal cerebral ultrasound: Technique and reporting","volume":"87","author":"Dudink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.016","article-title":"Ultrafast Doppler for neonatal brain imaging","volume":"185","author":"Mairesse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.02.001","article-title":"Functional ultrasound neuroimaging: A review of the preclinical and clinical state of the art","volume":"50","author":"Deffieux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2174\/157339631001140408120613","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarkers in term perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy: From neuropathological correlates to future clinical applications","volume":"10","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1046","article-title":"Cerebral magnetic resonance biomarkers in neonatal encephalopathy: A meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Thayyil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30325-9","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment of brain injury after moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: A prospective multicentre cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Lally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.11.006","article-title":"Neonatal seizures: Treatment practices among term and preterm infants","volume":"46","author":"Glass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.02.001","article-title":"Clinical applications of cerebral function monitoring in neonates","volume":"20","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.01.002","article-title":"Outcome following neonatal seizures","volume":"18","author":"Marlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neil, J.J., and Volpe, J.J. (2018). Encephalopathy of prematurity: Clinical-neurological features, diagnosis, imaging, prognosis, therapy. Volpe\u2019s Neurology of the Newborn, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42876-7.00016-8"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, D., Brown, J., Medley, N., and Dalziel, S.R. (2017). Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000499361","article-title":"European consensus guidelines on the management of respiratory distress syndrome\u20132019 update","volume":"115","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00995.2011","article-title":"Inflammation in utero exacerbates ventilation-induced brain injury in preterm lambs","volume":"112","author":"Polglase","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, S.K., Moss, T.J., Hooper, S.B., Crossley, K.J., Gill, A.W., Kluckow, M., Zahra, V., Wong, F.Y., Pichler, G., and Galinsky, R. (2014). Protective ventilation of preterm lambs exposed to acute chorioamnionitis does not reduce ventilation-induced lung or brain injury. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112402"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00961","article-title":"Postnatal nutrition to improve brain development in the preterm infant: A systematic review from bench to bedside","volume":"10","author":"Hortensius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.171","article-title":"Impact of nutrition on brain development and its neuroprotective implications following preterm birth","volume":"77","author":"Keunen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000286210","article-title":"Dexamethasone treatment in the first week of life for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Doyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.04.001","article-title":"Hydrocortisone treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and brain volumes in preterm infants","volume":"163","author":"Kersbergen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/8\/1871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:58:54Z","timestamp":1760176734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/8\/1871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":262,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9081871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9081871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}