{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:37:40Z","timestamp":1772843860867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Amazonian red side-necked turtle Rhynemis rufipes is an endemic Amazonian Chelidae species that occurs in small streams throughout Colombia and Brazil river basins. Little is known about various biological aspects of this species, including its sex determination strategies. Among chelids, the greatest karyotype diversity is found in the Neotropical species, with several 2n configurations, including cases of triploidy. Here, we investigate the karyotype of Rhinemys rufipes by applying combined conventional and molecular cytogenetic procedures. This allowed us to discover a genetic sex-determining mechanism that shares an ancestral micro XY sex chromosome system. This ancient micro XY system recruited distinct repeat motifs before it diverged from several South America and Australasian species. We propose that such a system dates back to the earliest lineages of the chelid species before the split of South America and Australasian lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"2088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Amazonian Red Side-Necked Turtle Rhinemys rufipes (Spix, 1824) (Testudines, Chelidae) Has a GSD Sex-Determining Mechanism with an Ancient XY Sex Microchromosome System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik F.","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Petr\u00f3polis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Feldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Petr\u00f3polis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos SP 13565-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Tadeu","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Regional do Cariri, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Diversidade Biol\u00f3gica e Recursos Naturais, Campus do Pimenta, Rua Cel. Ant\u00f4nio Luiz, 1161, Crato CEP 63105-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Gen\u00e9tica Animal, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, ICB II, Setor Sul, Av. Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos, 6200, Manaus CEP 69080-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade, Centro de Estudos de Quel\u00f4nios da Amaz\u00f4nia, Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Petr\u00f3polis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard C.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade, Centro de Estudos de Quel\u00f4nios da Amaz\u00f4nia, Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Petr\u00f3polis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Liehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Ezaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 12 2616, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ernst, C.H.E., and Barbour, R.W. (1989). Turtles of the World, Smithsonian Institution Press. 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