{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:21:43Z","timestamp":1790277703403,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012706","name":"Uniwersytet Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurski w Olsztynie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This study was supported by the School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (61.610.001-110)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This study was supported by the School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (61.610.001-110)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) is responsible for the M\u00fcllerian ducts\u2019 regression in male fetuses. In cells of cancers with AMH receptors (AMHRII), AMH induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. As AMH occurs naturally and does not exhibit significant side effects while reducing neoplastic cell colonies, it can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the AMHRII expression in endometrial cancer (EC) in correlation to various demographic data and clinical conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess AMHRII expression in EC tissue samples retrieved from 230 women with pre-cancerous state of endometrium (PCS) and EC. AMHRII was detected in 100% of samples. No statistical difference was observed for AMHRII expression depending on the histopathological type of EC, cancer staging, body mass index, and age, as well as the number of years of menstruation, births and miscarriages, and average and total breastfeeding time. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the only factor that has an impact on AMHRII expression in EC tissue. Thus, this study supports the idea of theoretical use of AMH in EC treatment because all histopathological types of EC at all stages of advancement present receptors for AMH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:45:51Z","timestamp":1602913551000},"page":"2312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone Type II Receptor Expression in Endometrial Cancer Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Gowkielewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0815-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Lipka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Szadurska-Noga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek J.","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9334-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Wiszpolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Dzi\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wasniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5818-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz Krzysztof","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Jozwik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8262","article-title":"Perspective: Reproductive tract development\u2014New discoveries and future directions","volume":"142","author":"MacLaughlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F81","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0602","article-title":"WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCE: Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone: A look back and ahead","volume":"158","author":"Josso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2014.57.5.343","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance\/anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone: A novel treatment for gynecologic tumors","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.012","article-title":"AMH signaling: From receptor to target gene","volume":"211","author":"Visser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208686","article-title":"Role of type I receptors for anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone in the SMAT-1 Sertoli cell line","volume":"24","author":"Belville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02712-0","article-title":"Topogenesis of membrane proteins: Determinants and dynamics","volume":"504","author":"Goder","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.3874","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance inhibits an ovarian cancer cell line via \u03b2-catenin interacting protein deregulation of the Wnt signal pathway","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2636900100","article-title":"Mullerian Inhibiting Substance inhibits cervical cancer cell growth via a pathway involving p130 and p107","volume":"100","author":"Barbie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1538","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance Induces Apoptosis of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells in Endometriosis","volume":"97","author":"Namkung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28371","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004554200","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth through an NF\u03baB-mediated Pathway","volume":"275","author":"Segev","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.010","article-title":"Mullerian Inhibiting Substance induces NFkB signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells","volume":"211","author":"Hoshiya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Recombinant human mullerian inhibiting substance inhibits human ocular melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo","volume":"52","author":"Parry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17426","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607959103","article-title":"Mullerian Inhibiting Substance enhances subclinical doses of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit human and mouse ovarian cancer","volume":"103","author":"Donahoe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21387","article-title":"Cancer statistics 2017","volume":"67","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"532","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance\/anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone type II receptor protein and mRNA expression in the healthy and cancerous endometria","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.208611","article-title":"Radiolabeled Antibodies Against M\u00fcllerian-Inhibiting Substance Receptor, Type II: New Tools for a Theranostic Approach in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"59","author":"Deshayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.09.010","article-title":"M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR): A novel, tissue-specific target expressed by gynecologic cancers","volume":"108","author":"Aletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40661-017-0056-7","article-title":"New therapies for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic endometrial cancers","volume":"4","author":"Makker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowkielewicz, M., Lipka, A., Piotrowska, A., Szadurska-Noga, M., Nowakowski, J.J., Dziegiel, P., Majewski, M.K., Jozwik, M., and Majewska, M. (2019). Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone Expression in Endometrial Cancer Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061325"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"138","article-title":"Hans-Egon Stegner Recommendation for uniform definition of an immunoreactive Score (IRS) for immunohistochemical estrogen receptor detection (ER-ICA) in breast cancer tissue","volume":"8","author":"Remmele","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"CareExcellence, N.I. (2015). Menopause, National Collaborating Centre for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health (UK)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42542-9_7","article-title":"Obesity and Endometrial Cancer","volume":"208","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2007.00790.x","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes, and other factors in relation to survival after endometrial cancer diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Chia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114722","article-title":"The influence of exogenous estrogen use on survival after diagnosis of endometrial cancer","volume":"126","author":"Schwartzbaum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14051","article-title":"Age at menarche and endometrial cancer risk: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-12-1379","article-title":"Immuno-PET: A Navigator in Monoclonal Antibody Development and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Visser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17117","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24965","article-title":"89Zr-nimotuzumab for immunoPET imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor I","volume":"9","author":"Chekol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.07.2587","article-title":"Increased Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Copy Number Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.26370","article-title":"Comparative biodistribution analysis across four different 89Zr-monoclonal antibody tracers\u2014The first step towards an imaging warehouse","volume":"8","author":"Bensch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896915620663","article-title":"Unusual Sertoli Cell Tumor Associated with Sex Cord Tumor With Annular Tubules in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0810-1","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Implication for Drug Metabolism on Assisted Reproductive Techniques\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"35","author":"Sathyapalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407772101","article-title":"Endometrial cancer is a receptor-mediated target for Mullerian Inhibiting Substance","volume":"102","author":"Renaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2010.05.004","article-title":"Inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation by small molecules as a therapeutic strategy","volume":"1799","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5379.998","article-title":"IEX -1L, an apoptosis inhibitor involved in NF- kappaB \u2013 Mediated Cell Survival","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31249","article-title":"Circulating anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone and breast cancer risk: A study in ten prospective cohorts","volume":"142","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31732","article-title":"Anti-Mullerian hormone and breast cancer risk\u2014Is the correlation possibly associated with the PCOS?","volume":"144","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.190","article-title":"A clinically applicable molecular-based classification for endometrial cancers","volume":"113","author":"Talhouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(83)90111-7","article-title":"Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Bokhman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.009","article-title":"Antim\u00fcllerian hormone among women with and without type 1 diabetes: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study and the Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism Study","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der297","article-title":"Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Revisiting the threshold values of follicle count on ultrasound and of the serum AMH level for the definition of polycystic ovaries","volume":"26","author":"Dewailly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kat, A.C., Gremmels, H., Verhaar, M.C., Broekmans, F.J.M., and Yarde, F. (2016). Early Vascular Damage in Young Women with DM-1 and Its Relation to Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Endocrinol., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1487051"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12113","article-title":"Integrated genomic characterization of endometrial carcinoma","volume":"497","author":"Getz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/10\/2312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:23:02Z","timestamp":1760178182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/10\/2312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9102312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9102312","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]}}}