{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:30:44Z","timestamp":1785537044081,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"funded by Italian Ministry of Health","award":["Grant 18C15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 18C15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common tumors in older horses, with poor prognosis mostly due to local invasion and recurrence. These tumors are thought to be mainly caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2). The aim of this study is to characterize the tumor immune environment (TIME) in equine penile tumors. Equine penile epithelial tumors (17 epSCCs; 2 carcinomas in situ, CIS; 1 papilloma, P) were retrospectively selected; immune infiltrate was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry; RT-qPCR tested the expression of selected chemokines and EcPV-2 DNA and RNA. The results confirmed EcPV-2-L1 DNA in 18\/20 (90%) samples. L1 expression was instead retrieved in 13\/20 cases (65%). The samples showed an increased infiltration of CD3+lymphocytes, macrophages (MAC387; IBA1), plasma cells (MUM1), and FoxP3+lymphocytes in the intra\/peritumoral stroma when compared to extratumoral tissues (p &lt; 0.05). Only MAC387+neutrophils were increased in EcPV-2high viral load samples (p &lt; 0.05). IL12\/p35 was differentially expressed in EcPVhigh and EcPVlow groups (p = 0.007). A significant decrease of IFNG and IL2 expression was highlighted in TGFB1-positive samples (p &lt; 0.05). IBA1 and CD20 were intratumorally increased in cases where IL-10 was expressed (p &lt; 0.005). EpSCCs may represent a good spontaneous model for the human counterpart. Further prospective studies are needed in order to confirm these preliminary results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"2364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas as a Model for Human Disease: A Preliminary Investigation on Tumor Immune Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Porcellato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2998-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta","family":"Mecocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Mechelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Brachelente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Gialletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Passeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 16129 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Modesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 16129 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ghelardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl Toscana Nord-Ovest, UOC Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Ospedale Apuane, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Razzuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 16129 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, October 27). IARC CancerBases \/ Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Databases\/Iarc-Cancerbases\/Cancer-Incidence-In-Five-Continents-Vol.-XI-2017."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27485","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types in 115,789 HPV-positive women: A meta-analysis from cervical infection to cancer","volume":"131","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2019.06.013","article-title":"Pathology of Invasive and Intraepithelial Penile Neoplasia","volume":"5","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.12.007","article-title":"Role of Human Papillomavirus in Penile Carcinomas Worldwide","volume":"69","author":"Alemany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"91","article-title":"Penile carcinoma and HPV infection (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Iorga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.08.087","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive penile cancer and association with clinical outcome","volume":"193","author":"Djajadiningrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01253","article-title":"The prognostic value of immune factors in the tumor microenvironment of penile squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Ottenhof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001","article-title":"Host control of human papillomavirus infection and disease","volume":"47","author":"Doorbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obs. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02183-x","article-title":"Human genetic dissection of papillomavirus-driven diseases: New insight into their pathogenesis","volume":"139","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.05.007","article-title":"Animal papillomaviruses","volume":"445","author":"Rector","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.04.018","article-title":"Papillomaviruses in dogs and cats","volume":"225","author":"Munday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814537837","article-title":"Bovine and Human Papillomaviruses: A Comparative Review","volume":"51","author":"Munday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.05.007","article-title":"Papillomavirus infection and squamous cell carcinoma in horses","volume":"223","author":"Sykora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02047-10","article-title":"Clinically healthy skin of dogs is a potential reservoir for canine papillomaviruses","volume":"49","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.083","article-title":"The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses","volume":"30","author":"Doorbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1822","article-title":"Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association","volume":"25","author":"Doorbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsauer, A.S., Wachoski-Dark, G.L., Fraefel, C., Tobler, K., Brandt, S., Knight, C.G., Favrot, C., and Grest, P. (2019). Paving the way for more precise diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions. Bmc Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2097-0"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64014-3","article-title":"Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma: Expression of biomarker proteins and EcPV2","volume":"10","author":"Arthurs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X281171","article-title":"Penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: A retrospective study of treatment of 77 affected horses","volume":"40","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"532.e9","article-title":"Molecular carcinogenesis in equine penile cancer: A potential animal model for human penile cancer","volume":"36","author":"Willis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smola, S. (2017). Immunopathogenesis of HPV-Associated Cancers and Prospects for Immunotherapy. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9090254"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, Y., Yang, Y., Suo, J., An, Y., and Wang, X. (2020). Induction of systemic immune responses and reversion of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by a therapeutic vaccine for cervical cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02651-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, C., Yao, K., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Lu, J., Zhang, C.Z., and Cao, Y. (2020). Immunophenotypes Based on the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Allow for Unsupervised Penile Cancer Patient Stratification. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071796"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2864-2","article-title":"Pathologic and imunohistochemical characterization of tumoral inflammatory cell infiltrate in invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas: Fox-P3 expression is an independent predictor of recurrence","volume":"36","author":"Vassallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0336","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with equine squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"121","author":"Mozos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.06.003","article-title":"Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) in co-occurring vulvar and gastric lesions of a pony","volume":"132","author":"Porcellato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.02.002","article-title":"HPV detection and genotyping of head and neck cancer biopsies by molecular testing with regard to the new oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma classification based on HPV status","volume":"51","author":"Veyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miglio, A., Cappelli, K., Capomaccio, S., Mecocci, S., Silvestrelli, M., and Antognoni, M.T. (2020). Metabolic and biomolecular changes induced by incremental long-term training in young thoroughbred racehorses during first workout season. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020317"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.021","article-title":"Effect of training status on immune defence related gene expression in Thoroughbred: Are genes ready for the sprint?","volume":"195","author":"Cappelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crociati, M., Capomaccio, S., Mandara, M.T., Stradaioli, G., Sylla, L., Monaci, M., and Cappelli, K. (2019). Different expression of Defensin-B gene in the endometrium of mares of different age during the breeding season. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2215-z"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappelli, K., Amadori, M., Mecocci, S., Miglio, A., Antognoni, M.T., and Razzuoli, E. (2020). Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101809"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.05.011","article-title":"A pig tonsil cell culture model for evaluating oral, low-dose IFN-\u03b1 treatments","volume":"160","author":"Razzuoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.003","article-title":"Comprehensive Control of Human Papillomavirus Infections and Related Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0461","article-title":"Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in a horse","volume":"81","author":"Hibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820908797","article-title":"A Subset of Equine Gastric Squamous Cell Carcinomas Is Associated With Equus Caballus Papillomavirus\u20132 Infection","volume":"57","author":"Alloway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, N., Castellsagu\u00e9, X., de Gonz\u00e1lez, A.B., and Gissmann, L. (2006). Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer. Vaccine, 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.115"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812463403","article-title":"EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology","volume":"50","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massa, C., and Seliger, B. (2017). The tumor microenvironment: Thousand obstacles for effector T cells. Cell. Immunol., 343.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.12.004"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12245","article-title":"Expression of p53, Ki67, EcPV2- and EcPV3 DNA, and viral genes in relation to metastasis and outcome in equine penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Harkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2020-0434","article-title":"Future directions in advanced penile cancer\u2013mechanisms of carcinogenesis and a search for targeted therapy","volume":"16","author":"Teh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Futur. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Wu, Y., Lu, Y., Yue, Y., Cui, C., Yu, M., Wang, S., Liu, M., Zhao, Y., and Sun, Z. (2020). STAT1 expression and HPV16 viral load predict cervical lesion progression. Oncol. Lett., 20.","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11889"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.X., Chang, W.S., Mitsakos, K., Rodger, J., Holmes, E.C., and Hudson, B.J. (2019). Identification of a novel equine papillomavirus in semen from a thoroughbred stallion with a penile lesion. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080713"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.6.2084","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody (MUM1p) detects expression of the MUM1\/IRF4 protein in a subset of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and activated T cells","volume":"95","author":"Falini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"584","article-title":"Increased Plasma Cells and Decreased B-cells in Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes are Associated with Worse Survival in Lung Adenocarcinomas","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14395","article-title":"Immunosuppressive plasma cells impede T-cell-dependent immunogenic chemotherapy","volume":"521","author":"Shalapour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3532-1_8","article-title":"Regulatory B Cells","volume":"1254","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13290","article-title":"Mechanisms of human FoxP3 + T reg cell development and function in health and disease","volume":"197","author":"Attias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15179","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15179","article-title":"Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818808530","article-title":"FoxP3 and IDO in canine melanocytic tumors","volume":"56","author":"Porcellato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.12.002","article-title":"Role of allograft inflammatory factor-1 in pathogenesis of diseases","volume":"218","author":"Sikora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legradi, A., Dulka, K., Jancs\u00f3, G., and Gulya, K. (2020). Orofacial skin inflammation increases the number of macrophages in the maxillary subregion of the rat trigeminal ganglion in a corticosteroid-reversible manner. Cell Tissue Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03244-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagianni, A.E., Lisowski, Z.M., Hume, D.A., and Scott Pirie, R. (2020). The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity. Equine Vet. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13341"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechien, J.R., Descamps, G., Seminerio, I., Furgiuele, S., Dequanter, D., Mouawad, F., Badoual, C., Journe, F., and Saussez, S. (2020). HPV involvement in the tumor microenvironment and immune treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051060"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.007","article-title":"Regulatory B cells in inflammatory diseases and tumor","volume":"67","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"832454","article-title":"Regulation of antitumor immune responses by the IL-12 family cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27","volume":"2010","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.488","article-title":"Role of IL-12p40 in cervical carcinoma","volume":"107","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400216","article-title":"IL-17 Suppresses Immune Effector Functions in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Epithelial Hyperplasia","volume":"193","author":"Gosmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3604","article-title":"Imbalance of Th1\/Th2 and Th17\/Treg during the development of uterine cervical cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/11\/2364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:19Z","timestamp":1760178559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/11\/2364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9112364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9112364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}