{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T04:29:16Z","timestamp":1792297756084,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 19 March 2020. This pandemic is associated with markedly elevated blood glucose levels and a remarkable degree of insulin resistance, which suggests pancreatic islet \u03b2-cell dysfunction or apoptosis and insulin\u2019s inability to dispose of glucose into cellular tissues. Diabetes is known to be one of the top pre-existing co-morbidities associated with the severity of COVID-19 along with hypertension, cardiocerebrovascular disease, advanced age, male gender, and recently obesity. This review focuses on how COVID-19 may be responsible for the accelerated development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as one of its acute and suspected long-term complications. These observations implicate an active role of metabolic syndrome, systemic and tissue islet renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system, redox stress, inflammation, islet fibrosis, amyloid deposition along with \u03b2-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in those who develop T2DM. Utilizing light and electron microscopy in preclinical rodent models and human islets may help to better understand how COVID-19 accelerates islet and \u03b2-cell injury and remodeling to result in the long-term complications of T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T08:44:02Z","timestamp":1605257042000},"page":"2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["An Immediate and Long-Term Complication of COVID-19 May Be Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction, Apoptosis and Exploration of Possible Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Melvin R.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05180-x","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: The CORONADO study","volume":"63","author":"Cariou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, R., Gubbi, S., and Muniyappa, R. 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