{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:48:01Z","timestamp":1789238881839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1180752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1180752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease (CJD) are brain conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. These diseases are associated with the presence of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2), alpha synuclein (\u03b1-Syn) and prion protein (PrP) depositions in the brain, respectively, which lead to synaptic disconnection and subsequent progressive neuronal death. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases, the specific mechanisms of their origins remain largely unknown. A body of research suggests a potential association between host microbiota, neuroinflammation and dementia, either directly due to bacterial brain invasion because of barrier leakage and production of toxins and inflammation, or indirectly by modulating the immune response. In the present review, we focus on the emerging topics of neuroinflammation and the association between components of the human microbiota and the deposition of A\u03b2, \u03b1-Syn and PrP in the brain. Special focus is given to gut and oral bacteria and biofilms and to the potential mechanisms associating microbiome dysbiosis and toxin production with neurodegeneration. The roles of neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and cellular mediators in membrane damage and increased permeability are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T10:32:47Z","timestamp":1605263567000},"page":"2476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Complex Interaction between Resident Microbiota and Misfolded Proteins: Role in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanmiguel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M. 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P.","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Montesino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamina","family":"Contreras-Kallens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Program on Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International (2019). 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