{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:41:36Z","timestamp":1792791696483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008810","name":"NSW MInistry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGT-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGT-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1107514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1107514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1158164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1158164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1158165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1158165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by irreversible cell damage, loss of neuronal cells and limited regeneration potential of the adult nervous system. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into the multitude of cell types that compose the central and peripheral nervous systems and so have become the major focus of cell replacement therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cells have both been extensively studied as cell therapies in a wide range of neurodegenerative disease models in rodents and non-human primates, including Parkinson\u2019s disease, stroke, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis and pain. In this review, we discuss the latest progress made with stem cell therapies targeting these pathologies. We also evaluate the challenges in clinical application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based therapies including risk of oncogenesis and tumor formation, immune rejection and difficulty in regeneration of the heterogeneous cell types composing the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"2517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-Based Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Pearlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Manion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery and Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory G.","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60028-2","article-title":"Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: A preliminary report","volume":"379","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61376-3","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt\u2019s macular dystrophy: Follow-up of two open-label phase 1\/2 studies","volume":"385","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.04.005","article-title":"Treatment of Macular Degeneration Using Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal 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