{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:55:14Z","timestamp":1784804114346,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Confidence in Concept, grant CD1617-CIC04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Confidence in Concept, grant CD1617-CIC04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T005807\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T005807\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BactiVax No. 860325."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BactiVax No. 860325."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Burkholderia includes a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species some of which are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. The most pathogenic species are Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and the members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, the cause of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are considered potential bioweapons. The Bcc comprises a subset of Burkholderia species associated with respiratory infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease and cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial treatment of Burkholderia infections is difficult due to the intrinsic multidrug antibiotic resistance of these bacteria; prophylactic vaccines provide an attractive alternative to counteract these infections. Although commercial vaccines against Burkholderia infections are still unavailable, substantial progress has been made over recent years in the development of vaccines against B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. This review critically discusses the current advances in vaccine development against B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, and the Bcc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:45:36Z","timestamp":1607906736000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Current Advances in Burkholderia Vaccines Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Zarodkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Valvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8221.1","article-title":"Members of the genus Burkholderia: Good and bad guys","volume":"5","author":"Eberl","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-131","article-title":"Glanders: An overview of infection in humans","volume":"8","author":"Greer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.x","article-title":"Glanders in Animals: A review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.09.018","article-title":"Detection of the reemerging agent Burkholderia mallei in a recent outbreak of glanders in the United Arab Emirates by a newly developed fliP-based polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"54","author":"Scholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.031","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of glanders in working equines-findings of a cross-sectional study in Punjab province of Pakistan","volume":"176","author":"Ghori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.03.216","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of glanders in Brazil","volume":"78","author":"Mota","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0185-2","article-title":"The potential for an outbreak of glanders in Nepal","volume":"47","author":"Adhikari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13475","article-title":"Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018","volume":"67","author":"Singha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15008","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00128-14","article-title":"Distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Northern Australia, a land of diversity","volume":"80","author":"McRobb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0038","article-title":"Increasing incidence of human melioidosis in northeast Thailand","volume":"82","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.07.003","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Burkholderia species","volume":"28","author":"Rhodes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03706.x","article-title":"Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria: Opportunistic pathogens with important natural biology","volume":"104","author":"Mahenthiralingam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002293","article-title":"Burkholderia puraquae sp. nov., a novel species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from hospital settings and agricultural soils","volume":"68","author":"Martina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.000251","article-title":"Burkholderia stagnalis sp. nov. and Burkholderia territorii sp. nov., two novel Burkholderia cepacia complex species from environmental and human sources","volume":"65","author":"Mayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02046","article-title":"Burkholderia paludis sp. nov., an antibiotic-siderophore producing novel Burkholderia cepacia complex species, isolated from malaysian tropical peat swamp soil","volume":"7","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftx076","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx076","article-title":"Detection of misidentifications of species from the Burkholderia cepacia complex and description of a new member, the soil bacterium Burkholderia catarinensis sp. nov","volume":"75","author":"Bach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00207","article-title":"Volcanic soils as sources of novel CO-oxidizing Paraburkholderia and Burkholderia: Paraburkholderia hiiakae sp. nov., Paraburkholderia metrosideri sp. nov., Paraburkholderia paradisi sp. nov., Paraburkholderia peleae sp. nov., and Burkholderia alpina sp.","volume":"8","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01592","article-title":"Burkholderia cenocepacia infections in cystic fibrosis patients: Drug resistance and therapeutic approaches","volume":"8","author":"Scoffone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03237.x","article-title":"Burkholderia cenocepacia in cystic fibrosis: Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of virulence","volume":"16","author":"Drevinek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradenas, G.A., Myers, J.N., and Torres, A.G. (2017). Characterization of the Burkholderia cenocepacia TonB mutant as a potential live attenuated vaccine. Vaccines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040033"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, S.A., Seixas, A.M.M., and Leit\u00e3o, J.H. (2018). Postgenomic approaches and bioinformatics tools to advance the development of vaccines against bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6020034"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01248-15","article-title":"Linocin and OmpW are involved in attachment of the cystic fibrosis-associated pathogen Burkholderia cepacia complex to lung epithelial cells and protect mice against infection","volume":"84","author":"McClean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402273","article-title":"CD4+ T cell epitopes of FliC conserved between strains of Burkholderia\u2014Implications for vaccines against melioidosis and cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis","volume":"193","author":"Musson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanna, I.J., and Slifka, M.K. (2018). Successful vaccines. Vaccination Strategies against Highly Variable Pathogens. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2018_102"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.040","article-title":"Protective efficacy of heat-inactivated B. thailandensis, B. mallei or B. pseudomallei against experimental melioidosis and glanders","volume":"27","author":"Smither","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2319-2325.2002","article-title":"Nonviable Burkholderia mallei induces a mixed Th1- and Th2-like cytokine response in BALB\/c mice","volume":"70","author":"Amemiya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.180928","article-title":"Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde inactivation of bacterial tier 1 select agents in tissues","volume":"25","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.035","article-title":"Comparison of the protective effects of killed Burkholderia pseudomallei and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide against live challenge","volume":"32","author":"Puangpetch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.S., Schell, M.A., Yu, Y., Ulrich, R.L., Sarria, S.H., Nierman, W.C., and DeShazer, D. (2005). Bacterial genome adaptation to niches: Divergence of the potential virulence genes in three Burkholderia species of different survival strategies. BMC Genomics, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-6-174"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.009","article-title":"Mucosal immunization with liposome-nucleic acid adjuvants generates effective humoral and cellular immunity","volume":"29","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.1.21-26.1982","article-title":"Effect of chemical and heat inactivation on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"38","author":"Cryz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitlock, G.C., Lukaszewski, R.A., Judy, B.M., Paessler, S., Torres, A.G., and Estes, D.M. (2008). Host immunity in the protective response to vaccination with heat-killed Burkholderia mallei. BMC Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-55"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.57","article-title":"DNA vaccines for targeting bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Ingolotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/131.5.553","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Gal E mutant Ty 21a of Salmonella typhi: A candidate strain for a live, oral typhoid vaccine","volume":"131","author":"Germanier","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01262-05","article-title":"Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei genes required for the intracellular life cycle and in vivo virulence","volume":"74","author":"Pilatz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5290-5294.2002","article-title":"A mutant of Burkholderia pseudomallei, auxotrophic in the branched chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway, is attenuated and protective in a murine model of melioidosis","volume":"70","author":"Atkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1086\/508217","article-title":"A live experimental vaccine against Burkholderia pseudomallei elicits CD4+ T cell\u2013mediated immunity, priming T cells specific for 2 Type III secretion system proteins","volume":"194","author":"Haque","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70022-1","article-title":"Induction of protective immunity against Burkholderia pseudomallei using attenuated mutants with defects in the intracellular life cycle","volume":"102","author":"Breitbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01313-09","article-title":"A Burkholderia pseudomallei \u0394purM mutant is avirulent in immunocompetent and immunodeficient animals: Candidate strain for exclusion from select-agent lists","volume":"78","author":"Propst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, M.H., Rahman Khan, M.S., Schweizer, H.P., and Tuanyok, A. (2017). An avirulent Burkholderia pseudomallei \u2206purM strain with atypical type B LPS: Expansion of the toolkit for biosafe studies of melioidosis. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1040-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01240-06","article-title":"Development of signature-tagged mutagenesis in Burkholderia pseudomallei to identify genes important in survival and pathogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Cuccui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"123","article-title":"Construction and characterization of an unmarked aroC deletion mutant of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain A2","volume":"40","author":"Srilunchang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05044-11","article-title":"The Burkholderia pseudomallei \u0394asd mutant exhibits attenuated intracellular infectivity and imparts protection against acute inhalation melioidosis in mice","volume":"79","author":"Norris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00178-12","article-title":"Role of RelA and SpoT in Burkholderia pseudomallei virulence and immunity","volume":"80","author":"Conejero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27146-0","article-title":"Attenuated virulence and protective efficacy of a Burkholderia pseudomallei bsa type III secretion mutant in murine models of melioidosis","volume":"150","author":"Stevens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.017","article-title":"Aerogenic vaccination with a Burkholderia mallei auxotroph protects against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice","volume":"23","author":"Ulrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00021","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of a novel virulence-factor deletion strain of Burkholderia mallei that provides partial protection against inhalational glanders in mice","volume":"6","author":"Bozue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mott, T.M., Vijayakumar, S., Sbrana, E., Endsley, J.J., and Torres, A.G. (2015). Characterization of the Burkholderia mallei tonB mutant and its potential as a backbone strain for vaccine development. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003863"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00570-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00570-18","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei \u0394tonB \u0394hcp1 live attenuated vaccine strain elicits full protective immunity against aerosolized melioidosis infection","volume":"4","author":"Khakhum","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khakhum, N., Bharaj, P., Myers, J.N., Tapia, D., Walker, D.H., Endsley, J.J., and Torres, A.G. (2019). Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei \u0394tonB \u0394hcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007578"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00102-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00102-17","article-title":"Antibodies against in vivo-expressed antigens are sufficient to protect against lethal aerosol infection with Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"85","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftw07","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw070","article-title":"The art of persistence-the secrets to Burkholderia chronic infections","volume":"74","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1170598","article-title":"Melioidosis and glanders modulation of the innate immune system: Barriers to current and future vaccine approaches","volume":"15","author":"Aschenbroich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradenas, G.A., Ross, B.N., and Torres, A.G. (2016). Burkholderia cepacia complex vaccines: Where do we go from here?. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020010"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0212-1","article-title":"The Burkholderia cenocepacia OmpA-like protein BCAL2958: Identification, characterization, and detection of anti-BCAL2958 antibodies in serum from B. cepacia complex-infected cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"6","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01668-06","article-title":"Nasal immunization with Burkholderia multivorans outer membrane proteins and the mucosal adjuvant adamantylamide dipeptide confers efficient protection against experimental lung infections with B. multivorans and B. cenocepacia","volume":"75","author":"Bertot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.11.027","article-title":"Identification of immunogenic proteins from Burkholderia cepacia secretome using proteomic analysis","volume":"28","author":"Mariappan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinoy, M., Dennehy, R., Coleman, L., Carberry, S., Schaffer, K., Callaghan, M., Doyle, S., and McClean, S. (2013). Immunoproteomic analysis of proteins expressed by two related pathogens, Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia, during human infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080796"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00404-07","article-title":"Identification of a LolC homologue in Burkholderia pseudomallei, a novel protective antigen for melioidosis","volume":"75","author":"Harland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2010.03.013","article-title":"Protective response to subunit vaccination against intranasal Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei challenge","volume":"2","author":"Whitlock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.05.022","article-title":"Immunization with the recombinant Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane protein Omp85 induces protective immunity in mice","volume":"28","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hara, Y., Mohamed, R., and Nathan, S. (2009). Immunogenic Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane proteins as potential candidate vaccine targets. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006496"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1699-1705.2006","article-title":"CpG-modified plasmid DNA encoding flagellin improves immunogenicity and provides protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.088","article-title":"Identification of an OmpW homologue in Burkholderia pseudomallei, a protective vaccine antigen against melioidosis","volume":"34","author":"Casey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.058","article-title":"A naturally derived outer-membrane vesicle vaccine protects against lethal pulmonary Burkholderia pseudomallei infection","volume":"29","author":"Nieves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, S.M., Davitt, C.J.H., Motyka, N., Kikendall, N.L., Russell-Lodrigue, K., Roy, C.J., and Morici, L.A. (2017). A Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine provides cross protection against inhalational glanders in mice and non-human primates. Vaccines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040049"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01218-10","article-title":"The cluster 1 type VI secretion system is a major virulence determinant in Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"79","author":"Burtnick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0137-2","article-title":"Induction of immune response to the 17 kDa OMPA Burkholderia cenocepacia polypeptide and protection against pulmonary infection in mice after nasal vaccination with an OMP nanoemulsion-based vaccine","volume":"199","author":"Makidon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8235","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08235","article-title":"Extended loop region of Hcp1 is critical for the assembly and function of type VI secretion system in Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1107\/S1399004715015680","article-title":"Selecting soluble\/foldable protein domains through single-gene or genomic ORF filtering: Structure of the head domain of Burkholderia pseudomallei antigen BPSL2063","volume":"71","author":"Gourlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"151","article-title":"Autotransporters and their role in the virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Simpanya, M.F., Settles, E.W., Shannon, A.B., Hernandez, K., Pristo, L., Keener, M.E., Hornstra, H., Busch, J.D., and Soffler, C. (2019). Caprine humoral response to Burkholderia pseudomallei antigens during acute melioidosis from aerosol exposure. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006851"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2014.07.007","article-title":"Evaluation of a Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine in nonhuman primates","volume":"8","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capelli, R., Peri, C., Villa, R., Nithichanon, A., Conchillo-Sol\u00e9, O., Yero, D., Gagni, P., Chiari, M., Lertmemongkolchai, G., and Cretich, M. (2018). BPSL1626: Reverse and structural vaccinology reveal a novel candidate for vaccine design against Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antibodies, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib7030026"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.07.010","article-title":"Exploiting the Burkholderia pseudomallei acute phase antigen BPSL2765 for structure-based epitope discovery\/design in structural vaccinology","volume":"20","author":"Gourlay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.033","article-title":"Reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics-based putative vaccine targets identification for Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp1651","volume":"125","author":"Hizbullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9015","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00495A","article-title":"Antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines: An overview of classic and modern approaches for protein modification","volume":"47","author":"Berti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1657012","article-title":"Glycoconjugate vaccines: Current approaches towards faster vaccine design","volume":"18","author":"Micoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.725718","article-title":"Glycoconjugate vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Pace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.045","article-title":"Analysis of peptide mimotopes of Burkholderia pseudomallei exopolysaccharide","volume":"25","author":"Legutki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.34-44.2001","article-title":"Detection of bacterial virulence genes by subtractive hybridization: Identification of capsular polysaccharide of Burkholderia pseudomallei as a major virulence determinant","volume":"69","author":"Reckseidler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0430","article-title":"Identification of a Burkholderia mallei polysaccharide gene cluster by subtractive hybridization and demonstration that the encoded capsule is an essential virulence determinant","volume":"30","author":"DeShazer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00724-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00724-17","article-title":"Development of subunit vaccines that provide high-level protection and sterilizing immunity against acute inhalational melioidosis","volume":"86","author":"Burtnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01847-14","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide conjugates provide protection against acute melioidosis","volume":"82","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5b00525","article-title":"Protection against experimental melioidosis with a synthetic manno-heptopyranose hexasaccharide glycoconjugate","volume":"27","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.11.057","article-title":"Protection of non-human primates against glanders with a gold nanoparticle glycoconjugate vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392170","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/392170","article-title":"Protection against experimental melioidosis following immunisation with a lipopolysaccharide-protein conjugate","volume":"2014","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.08.005","article-title":"A gold nanoparticle-linked glycoconjugate vaccine against Burkholderia mallei","volume":"11","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E989","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104264108","article-title":"Nanoparticle conjugation of antigen enhances cytotoxic T-cell responses in pulmonary vaccination","volume":"108","author":"Nembrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200400093","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity","volume":"1","author":"Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.24.907","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-based surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopic assay for the detection of protein-protein interactions","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"381","article-title":"Production of a recombinant vaccine candidate against Burkholderia pseudomallei exploiting the bacterial N-glycosylation machinery","volume":"5","author":"Iwashkiw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8878","DOI":"10.1039\/C9OB01711A","article-title":"Melioidosis patient serum-reactive synthetic tetrasaccharides bearing the predominant epitopes of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei O-antigens","volume":"17","author":"Cloutier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.ac2019.po0569","article-title":"Potential glycoengineered anti-Burkholderia vaccines by exploiting the bacterial O-glycosylation machinery","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13248","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009671","article-title":"A general protein O-glycosylation machinery conserved in Burkholderia species improves bacterial fitness and elicits glycan immunogenicity in humans","volume":"294","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00206-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00206-17","article-title":"Use of reverse vaccinology in the design and construction of nanoglycoconjugate vaccines against Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"24","author":"Muruato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.11599\/germs.2013.1034","article-title":"DNA vaccines: Roles against diseases","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobernik, D., and Bros, M. (2018). DNA vaccines\u2014How far from clinical use?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113605"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00210-2","article-title":"Protection against anthrax toxin by vaccination with a DNA plasmid encoding anthrax protective antigen","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200607010-00008","article-title":"Therapeutic DNA vaccines against tuberculosis: A promising but arduous task","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.069","article-title":"Immunogenicity and anti-Burkholderia pseudomallei activity in Balb\/c mice immunized with plasmid DNA encoding flagellin","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1307485","article-title":"Rapid DNA vaccination against Burkholderia pseudomallei flagellin by tattoo or intranasal application","volume":"8","author":"Lankelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koosakulnirand, S., Phokrai, P., Jenjaroen, K., Roberts, R.A., Utaisincharoen, P., Dunachie, S.J., Brett, P.J., Burtnick, M.N., and Chantratita, N. (2018). Immune response to recombinant Burkholderia pseudomallei FliC. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198906"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12308","article-title":"Prime-boost bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination with lentivirus-vectored and DNA-based vaccines expressing antigens Ag85B and Rv3425 improves protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice","volume":"143","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.028","article-title":"Novel Adenovirus type 5 vaccine platform induces cellular immunity against HIV-1 Gag, Pol, Nef despite the presence of Ad5 immunity","volume":"27","author":"Gabitzsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.6761","article-title":"Comparative prime-boost vaccinations using Semliki Forest Virus, Adenovirus, and ALVAC Vectors Demonstrate Differences in the Generation of a Protective Central Memory CTL Response against the P815 Tumor","volume":"178","author":"Uyttenhove","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.080","article-title":"Adenovirus 5 and 35 vectors expressing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein elicit potent antigen-specific cellular IFN-\u03b3 and antibody responses in mice","volume":"26","author":"Shott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2013.2.2.97","article-title":"Viral vectors for vaccine applications","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines2030624","article-title":"Developments in viral vector-based vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Ura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailybayeva, A., Yespembetov, B., Ryskeldinova, S., Zinina, N., Sansyzbay, A., Renukaradhya, G.J., Petrovsky, N., and Tabynov, K. (2017). Improved influenza viral vector based Brucella abortus vaccine induces robust B and T-cell responses and protection against Brucella melitensis infection in pregnant sheep and goats. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186484"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2018.100002","article-title":"The autotransporter protein BatA is a protective antigen against lethal aerosol infection with Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"1","author":"Lafontaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.004","article-title":"A Burkholderia Type VI effector deamidates Rho GTPases to activate the pyrin inflammasome and trigger inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Aubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenjaroen, K., Chumseng, S., Sumonwiriya, M., Ariyaprasert, P., Chantratita, N., Sunyakumthorn, P., Hongsuwan, M., Wuthiekanun, V., Fletcher, H.A., and Teparrukkul, P. (2015). T-Cell responses are associated with survival in acute melioidosis patients. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004152"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulye, M., Bechill, M.P., Grose, W., Ferreira, V.P., Lafontaine, E.R., and Wooten, R.M. (2014). Delineating the importance of serum opsonins and the bacterial capsule in affecting the uptake and killing of Burkholderia pseudomallei by murine neutrophils and macrophages. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002988"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402862","article-title":"T cell immunity to the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase of Burkholderia pseudomallei: A correlate of disease outcome in acute melioidosis","volume":"194","author":"Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12331-5","article-title":"Infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei-immune correlates of survival in acute melioidosis","volume":"7","author":"Dunachie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/12\/2671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:10Z","timestamp":1760179450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/9\/12\/2671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells9122671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9122671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}}}