{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T17:19:12Z","timestamp":1782580752109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["No 860325 (BactiVax)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 860325 (BactiVax)"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology","award":["ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme (Szint+)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme (Szint+)"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the 2018-1.2.1-NKP funding scheme","award":["No 2018-1.2.1-NKP-2018-00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 2018-1.2.1-NKP-2018-00005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The World Health Organization (WHO) herald of the \u201cEnd TB Strategy\u201d has defined goals and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care, and control to end the global tuberculosis endemic. The emergence of drug resistance and the relative dreadful consequences in treatment outcome has led to increased awareness on immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the proven limited efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against Mtb, has highlighted the need for alternative vaccines. In this review, we seek to give an overview of Mtb infection and failure of BCG to control it. Afterward, we focus on the protein- and peptide-based subunit vaccine subtype, examining the advantages and drawbacks of using this design approach. Finally, we explore the features of subunit vaccine candidates currently in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, including the antigen repertoire, the exploited adjuvanted delivery systems, as well as the spawned immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T09:12:57Z","timestamp":1608023577000},"page":"2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Recent Advances in the Development of Protein- and Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccines against Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hevesy Gy\u00f6rgy PhD School of Chemistry, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4092-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kata","family":"Horv\u00e1ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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