{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:20:33Z","timestamp":1770888033975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LeVecke Family Foundation","award":["12786_ERP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12786_ERP"]}]},{"name":"Medtronic, Inc.","award":["12786_ERP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12786_ERP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leading cause of ventricular shunt failure in pediatric patients is proximal catheter occlusion. Here, we evaluate various types of shunt catheters to assess in vitro cellular adhesion and obstruction. The following four types of catheters were tested: (1) antibiotic- and barium-impregnated, (2) polyvinylpyrrolidone, (3) barium stripe, and (4) barium impregnated. Catheters were either seeded superficially with astrocyte cells to test cellular adhesion or inoculated with cultured astrocytes into the catheters to test catheter performance under obstruction conditions. Ventricular catheters were placed into a three-dimensional printed phantom ventricular replicating system through which artificial CSF was pumped. Differential pressure sensors were used to measure catheter performance. Polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters had the lowest median cell attachment compared to antibiotic-impregnated (18 cells), barium stripe (17 cells), and barium-impregnated (21.5 cells) catheters after culture (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters had significantly higher flow in the phantom ventricular system (0.12 mL\/min) compared to the antibiotic coated (0.10 mL\/min), barium stripe (0.02 mL\/min) and barium-impregnated (0.08 mL\/min; p &lt; 0.01) catheters. Polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters showed less cellular adhesion and were least likely to be occluded by astrocyte cells. Our findings can help suggest patient-appropriate proximal ventricular catheters for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:09:03Z","timestamp":1671761343000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Catheters Decrease Astrocyte Adhesion and Improve Flow\/Pressure Performance in an Invitro Model of Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaibhavi","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Muhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, A.M., Riva-Cambrin, J., Yavin, D., Hockley, A., Pringsheim, T.M., Jette, N., Lethebe, B.C., Lowerison, M., Dronyk, J., and Hamilton, M.G. (2018). Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. 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