{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T22:50:07Z","timestamp":1792363807689,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Language delays are often underestimated in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants. We aimed to identify the risk factors of language delay at two years of corrected age in this vulnerable population. VLBW infants, who were assessed at two years of corrected age using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, third edition, were included using a population-based cohort database. Language delay was defined as mild to moderate if the composite score was between 70 and 85 and severe if the score was &lt; 70. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the perinatal risk factors associated with language delay. The study comprised 3797 VLBW preterm infants; 678 (18%) had a mild to moderate delay and 235 (6%) had a severe delay. After adjusting for confounding factors, low maternal education level, low maternal socioeconomic status, extremely low birth weight, male sex, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and\/or cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) were found to be significantly associated with both mild to moderate and severe delays. Resuscitation at delivery, necrotizing enterocolitis, and patent ductus arteriosus requiring ligation showed significant associations with severe delay. The strongest factors predicting both mild to moderate and severe language delays were the male sex and severe IVH and\/or cystic PVL; thus, early targeted intervention is warranted in these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1674116556000},"page":"189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk Factors of Language Delay at Two Years of Corrected Age among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wei-Lun","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Huei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui-Hsing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chih","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai-Tim","family":"Jim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyong-Hsin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City 30046, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Yang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Taiwan Premature Infant Follow-up Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.01.018","article-title":"Outcomes and related factors in a cohort of infants born in Taiwan over a period of five years (2007\u20132011) with borderline viability","volume":"117","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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