{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:38Z","timestamp":1760147258025,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The continuous paravertebral blockade as part of the multimodal pain protocol is an effective regional technique to control pain after the Nuss procedure. We investigated the effectiveness of clonidine as an adjunct to paravertebral ropivacaine infusion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 63 patients who underwent Nuss procedures and received bilateral paravertebral catheters. Data on demographics, surgical, anesthesia, and block characteristics, numeric rating pain scores (NRS), opioids consumption, hospital length of stay, complications, and side effects from medication administration were collected in children who received paravertebral ropivacaine 0.2% infusion without (N = 45) and with clonidine (1 mcg\/mL) (N = 18). Results: The two groups had similar demographics, although the clonidine group had higher Haller indices (6.5 (4.8, 9.4) vs. 4.8 (4.1, 6.6), p = 0.013). The clonidine group required less morphine equivalent\/kg on postoperative day 2 (median, interquartile range 0.24 (0.22, 0.31) vs. 0.47 (0.29, 0.61) p = 0.002). There was no difference in median NRS pain scores. Both groups had similar catheter infusion durations, hospital length of stay, and complication rates. Conclusion: A postoperative pain management plan that includes paravertebral analgesia, including clonidine as an adjunct, may be considered to minimize opioid administration for patients undergoing primary Nuss repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:35:55Z","timestamp":1674182155000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Retrospective Study Comparing Outcomes of Paravertebral Clonidine Infusion for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Nuss Procedure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0933-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Visoiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Sadhasivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2012.03.001","article-title":"Chest Wall Deformities in Pediatric Surgery","volume":"92","author":"Obermeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. 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Anesth."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01809.x","article-title":"Clonidine as adjuvant for bupivacaine in ilioinguinal block does not prolong postoperative analgesia in pediatric and also in adult patients","volume":"16","author":"Dagher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01497.x","article-title":"Clonidine administered as adjuvant for bupivacaine in ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block does not prolong postoperative analgesia","volume":"15","author":"Kaabachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0603400507","article-title":"Clonidine as an Analgesic Adjuvant to Continuous Paravertebral Bupivacaine for Post-thoracotomy Pain","volume":"34","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensiv. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_162_17","article-title":"Effect of clonidine as adjuvant in thoracic paravertebral block for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Essays Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004334","article-title":"Preoperative Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for the Treatment of Pain after Mastectomy: A Randomized, Participant- and Observer-masked, Sham-controlled Study","volume":"137","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/2\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:11:56Z","timestamp":1760119916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/2\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children10020193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10020193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]}}}