{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:54:21Z","timestamp":1784732061556,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LIFE\u2014Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig"},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess the use of oral contraceptives (OC) in adolescents, using data from a longitudinal, population-based pediatric cohort study (LIFE Child). We also investigated associations between OC use and socioeconomic status (SES), and associations between OC use and potential adverse drug reactions such as effects on blood pressure. We included 609 female participants of the LIFE Child cohort, aged \u226513 to &lt;21 years, who visited the study center between 2012 and 2019. Data collection compromised drug use in the past 14 days, SES, and anthropometric data such as blood pressure. An analysis of covariance was used to detect potential associations between participants\u2019 blood pressure and OC. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (aOR) adjusted for age and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The prevalence of OC use was 25.8%. OC intake was less common in participants with a high SES (aOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15, 0.62). The mean age at OC initiation did not change between 2012 and 2019. We observed an increased use of second-generation OC (2013: 17.9%, 2019: 48.5%; p = 0.013) and a decreased use of fourth-generation OC (2013: 71.8%, 2019: 45.5%; p = 0.027). We found a higher systolic (mean: 111.74 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001) and diastolic (69.15 mmHg, p = 0.004) blood pressure in OC users compared to non-users (systolic: 108.60 mmHg; diastolic: 67.24 mmHg). Every fourth adolescent took an OC. The share of second-generation OC increased during the study period. OC intake was associated with low SES. OC users had a slightly higher blood pressure than non-users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1676599164000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacoepidemiological Analysis of Oral Contraceptive Use in Adolescents in a German Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Herzig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and University Hospital, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Bertsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Fleischmannstr. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Stra\u00dfe 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Stra\u00dfe 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Bertsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and University Hospital, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina Patrizia","family":"Neininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and University Hospital, Br\u00fcderstra\u00dfe 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations, Population Division (2023, February 10). Contraceptive Use by Method 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210046527."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30481-9","article-title":"Contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives: Prevalence and inequalities in 23 countries","volume":"7","author":"Ewerling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62204-1","article-title":"National, regional, and global rates and trends in contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for family planning between 1990 and 2015: A systematic and comprehensive analysis","volume":"381","author":"Alkema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13055","article-title":"Contraceptive use in the Nordic countries","volume":"96","author":"Lindh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.01.004","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use among adolescent girls in Germany in relation to health behavior and biological cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"48","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00335720","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00335720","article-title":"Prevalence and inequalities in contraceptive use among adolescents and young women: Data from a birth cohort in Brazil","volume":"37","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2013.835394","article-title":"Contraceptive use and method among immigrant women in France: Relationship with socioeconomic status","volume":"18","author":"Poncet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1363\/4009408","article-title":"Factors associated with contraceptive choice and inconsistent method use, United States, 2004","volume":"40","author":"Frost","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2013.04.003","article-title":"The prescribing of contraceptives for adolescents in German gynecologic practices in 2007 and 2011: A retrospective database analysis","volume":"26","author":"Ziller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD004425","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne","volume":"7","author":"Arowojolu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD010813","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives: Venous thrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Stegeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12455","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception","volume":"141","author":"Dragoman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12755","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use in Ireland: Trends and co-prescribing practices","volume":"80","author":"Liddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.07.048","article-title":"Initiation of oral contraceptives and changes in blood pressure and body mass index in healthy adolescents","volume":"165","author":"Kharbanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.09.006","article-title":"Effects of a contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinylestradiol on blood pressure, metabolic profile and neurohumoral axis in hypertensive women at reproductive age","volume":"182","author":"Giribela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.01.006","article-title":"Effects of a contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol on blood pressure and autonomic tone: A prospective controlled clinical trial","volume":"175","author":"Nisenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.01.007","article-title":"Use of oral contraceptives in Germany: Prevalence, determinants and use-associated health correlates. Results of National Health Surveys from 1984 to 1999","volume":"134","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90034-5","article-title":"Effect of four combined oral contraceptives on blood pressure in the pill-free interval","volume":"47","author":"Nichols","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312452966","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Beilin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1062860","article-title":"Effects of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 mcg of ethinylestradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone on the blood pressure, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, insulin resistance, and androgenic profile of healthy young women","volume":"31","author":"Giribela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"CD003987","article-title":"Combination contraceptives: Effects on weight","volume":"1","author":"Gallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD008815","article-title":"Progestin-only contraceptives: Effects on weight","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-017-0948-7","article-title":"Prevalence of dieting and fear of weight gain across ages: A community sample from adolescents to the elderly","volume":"62","author":"Bartels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00478-1","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 perspectives on adverse drug reactions in pediatric routine care: A survey","volume":"18","author":"Neininger","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quante, M., Hesse, M., D\u00f6hnert, M., Fuchs, M., Hirsch, C., Sergeyev, E., Casprzig, N., Geserick, M., Naumann, S., and Koch, C. (2012). The LIFE child study: A life course approach to disease and health. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1021"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0216-9","article-title":"The LIFE Child study: A population-based perinatal and pediatric cohort in Germany","volume":"32","author":"Poulain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2017","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2151","article-title":"Age Limit of Pediatrics","volume":"140","author":"Hardin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04504-w","article-title":"Medicine and supplement use in infants, children, and adolescents depends on sex, age, and socioeconomic status: Results of a German longitudinal population-based cohort study (LIFE Child)","volume":"181","author":"Herzig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-014-1974-8","article-title":"Messung des sozio\u00f6konomischen Status in der KiGGS-Studie : Erste Folgebefragung (KiGGS Welle 1)","volume":"57","author":"Lampert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Gesundh."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricotel, A., Raguideau, F., Collin, C., and Zureik, M. (2014). Estimate of venous thromboembolism and related-deaths attributable to the use of combined oral contraceptives in France. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093792"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/019394599001200204","article-title":"Diagnosing and dealing with multicollinearity","volume":"12","author":"Schroeder","year":"1990","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2017-0317","article-title":"Effects of different hormonal contraceptives in women\u2019s blood pressure values","volume":"71","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.09.006","article-title":"Reasons for discontinuation of contraception among women with a current unintended pregnancy in 36 low and middle-income countries","volume":"101","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00208517","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00208517","article-title":"Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Woolley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, November 21). Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Information \u00dcber Einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch [Act on the Improvement of Information on Abortion]. Available online: http:\/\/www.bgbl.de\/xaver\/bgbl\/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s0350.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f279","article-title":"European agency defends existing advice on later generation contraceptive pills","volume":"346","author":"Arie","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, December 12). Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie und Geburtshilfe e.V. S3-Leitlinie Hormonelle Empf\u00e4ngnisverh\u00fctung. Available online: https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/015-015."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, World Health Organization. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1485-4","article-title":"Die zwei deutschen Geburtskohorten GINIplus und LISAplus","volume":"55","author":"Heinrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Gesundh."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9448-2","article-title":"Selection by socioeconomic factors into the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"25","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9516-7","article-title":"The Generation R Study: Design and cohort update 2010","volume":"25","author":"Jaddoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The \u2018children of the 90s\u2019\u2014The index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustavson, K., von Soest, T., Karevold, E., and R\u00f8ysamb, E. (2012). Attrition and generalizability in longitudinal studies: Findings from a 15-year population-based study and a Monte Carlo simulation study. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-918"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/2\/393\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:45Z","timestamp":1760121525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/2\/393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children10020393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10020393","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]}}}