{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:58:17Z","timestamp":1790762297101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extremely preterm infants frequently require some form of respiratory assistance to facilitate the cardiopulmonary transition that occurs in the first hours of life. Current resuscitation guidelines identify as a primary determinant of overall newborn survival the establishment, immediately after birth, of adequate lung inflation and ventilation to ensure an adequate functional residual capacity. Any respiratory support provided, however, is an important contributing factor to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The risks correlated to invasive ventilatory techniques increase inversely with gestational age. Preterm infants are born at an early stage of lung development and are more susceptible to lung injury deriving from mechanical ventilation. Any approach aiming to reduce the global burden of preterm lung disease must implement lung-protective ventilation strategies that begin from the newborn\u2019s first breaths in the delivery room. Neonatologists today must be able to manage both invasive and noninvasive forms of respiratory assistance to treat a spectrum of lung diseases ranging from acute to chronic conditions. We searched PubMed for articles on preterm infant respiratory assistance. Our narrative review provides an evidence-based overview on the respiratory management of preterm infants, especially in the acute phase of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, starting from the delivery room and continuing in the neonatal intensive care unit, including a section regarding exogenous surfactant therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T05:36:21Z","timestamp":1678685781000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Respiratory Management of the Preterm Infant: Supporting Evidence-Based Practice at the Bedside"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Tana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tirone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Aurilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Paladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2991-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Fattore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"De Tomaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.01.007","article-title":"Crying and Breathing by Extremely Preterm Infants Immediately After Birth","volume":"156","author":"Kamlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000381159","article-title":"Delivery Room Management of Term and Preterm Newly Born Infants","volume":"107","author":"Saugstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5980","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5980","article-title":"Non-invasive versus invasive respiratory support in preterm infants at birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"347","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0936","article-title":"A Survey of Delivery Room Resuscitation Practices in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Leone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000499361","article-title":"European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome\u20132019 Update","volume":"115","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanaan, Z., Bloch-Queyrat, C., Boubaya, M., L\u00e9vy, V., Bolot, P., and Waszak, P. (2020). Feasibility of combining two individualized lung recruitment maneuvers at birth for very low gestational age infants: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02055-3"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, May 04). Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) Levels during Resuscitation of Preterm Infants at Birth (The POLAR Trial). Clinical-trials.gov: NCT04372953, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04372953."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1858","article-title":"Sustained versus Standard Inflations during Neonatal Resuscitation to Prevent Mortality and Improve Respiratory Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Bruschettini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"229","article-title":"2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: Summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group","volume":"169","author":"Wyckoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.035","article-title":"Delivery Room Ventilation Devices Trial Group. Comparison of Devices for Newborn Ventilation in the Delivery Room","volume":"165","author":"Szyld","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20181828","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1828","article-title":"Initial Oxygen Use for Preterm Newborn Resuscitation: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Welsford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0176-8","article-title":"Oxygen therapy of the newborn from molecular understanding to clinical practice","volume":"85","author":"Saugstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00504","article-title":"The Effect of Initial High vs. Low FiO2 on Breathing Effort in Preterm Infants at Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F446","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312366","article-title":"Outcomes of oxygen saturation targeting during delivery room stabilisation of preterm infants","volume":"103","author":"Oei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586107","article-title":"Mechanisms of Lung Injury and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"33","author":"Jobe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5984305","article-title":"Eliminating Risk of Intubation in Very Preterm Infants with Noninvasive Cardiorespiratory Support in the Delivery Room and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"3","author":"Govindaswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75749-4","article-title":"Temporal trends of care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm infants over 10-years in South Wales, UK","volume":"10","author":"Boel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30312-4","article-title":"The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants","volume":"389","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2017.10.007","article-title":"Non-invasive respiratory support in newborn infants","volume":"28","author":"Boel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the respiratory care of the newborn infant","volume":"54","author":"Diblasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"CD001243","article-title":"Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD000143","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"CD002271","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2012.06.007","article-title":"Which continuous positive airway pressure system is best for the preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome?","volume":"39","author":"Pillow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24014","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of nasal mask versus binasal prongs for providing continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants-A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Jasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.02.009","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure: Physiology and comparison of devices","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199609)22:3<188::AID-PPUL8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Decreased imposed work with a new nasal continuous positive airway pressure device","volume":"22","author":"Klausner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"Cd012778","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants","volume":"11","author":"Bamat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1351","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1880","article-title":"Avoiding endotracheal ventilation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2016.59.10.389","article-title":"Respiratory support with heated humidified high flow nasal cannula in preterm infants","volume":"59","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2016.04.005","article-title":"Quality Improvement of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"577","article-title":"Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for preterm infants","volume":"63","author":"Shalshin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603694","article-title":"Nasal High-Flow Therapy for Primary Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants","volume":"375","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000484400","article-title":"High-Flow Nasal Cannula versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Primary Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"113","author":"Murki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300071","article-title":"High-Flow Nasal Cannulae in Very Preterm Infants after Extubation","volume":"369","author":"Manley","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3743","article-title":"Heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannula vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress syndrome of prematurity: A randomized clinical noninferiority trial","volume":"170","author":"Lavizzari","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.154922","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula as a method for rapid weaning from nasal continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"6","author":"Badiee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.08.005","article-title":"Weaning from the Ventilator in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"48","author":"Vento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.12.010","article-title":"Early weaning from CPAP to high flow nasal cannula in preterm infants is associated with prolonged oxygen requirement: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Shouman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0738","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kotecha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"Cd006405","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants","volume":"2","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462319000424","article-title":"Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula for Preterm Infants: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Fleeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1606193","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory support in preterm infants: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14396","article-title":"Rapid systematic review shows that using a high-flow nasal cannula is inferior to nasal continuous positive airway pressure as first-line support in preterm neonates","volume":"107","author":"Conte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321094","article-title":"Systematic review of high-flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure for primary support in preterm infants","volume":"107","author":"Bruet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980024","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.980024","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure in primary res-piratory support for preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.4.650","article-title":"Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannula versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure as an Initial Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress: A Randomized, Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_2_19","article-title":"Heated humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) is not an effective method for initial treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) versus nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation (NIMV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP)","volume":"24","author":"Armanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"237","article-title":"High Flow Nasal Cannula versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Primary Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"38","author":"Demirel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2021.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of four different non-invasive respiratory support techniques as primary respiratory support in preterm infants","volume":"63","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/jcn.JCN_116_18","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula as a primary mode of respiratory support in preterm infants","volume":"8","author":"Poonia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.015","article-title":"Investigation and management of the long-term ventilated premature infant","volume":"126","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00270","article-title":"A Review on Non-invasive Respiratory Support for Management of Respiratory Distress in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000353448","article-title":"Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: Synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: What is the evidence in 2013?","volume":"104","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F422","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.205195","article-title":"Effects of non-synchronised nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation on spontaneous breathing in preterm infants","volume":"96","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"CD005384","article-title":"Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Lemyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.07.004","article-title":"Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"CD003212","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation","volume":"2","author":"Lemyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02525.x","article-title":"Nasal flow-synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation to facilitate weaning in very low-birthweight infants: Unmasked randomized controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Moretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20461","article-title":"Synchronized nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SNIPPV) decreases work of breathing (WOB) in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) compared to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP)","volume":"41","author":"Aghai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00046-8","article-title":"Comparing the effects of nasal syn-chronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nSIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) after extubation in very low birth weight infants","volume":"56","author":"Moretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F17","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305892","article-title":"Is syn-chronised NIPPV more effective than NIPPV and NCPAP in treating apnoea of prematurity (AOP)? A randomised cross-over trial","volume":"100","author":"Gizzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181ff6770","article-title":"Effects of Synchronization During Nasal Ventilation in Clinically Stable Preterm Infants","volume":"69","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.117","article-title":"SNIPPV vs NIPPV: Does synchronization matter?","volume":"32","author":"Dumpa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25007","article-title":"Efficacy of noninvasive respiratory support modes as postextubation respiratory support in preterm neonates: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.09.014","article-title":"Non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants following extubation from mechanical ventilation. A narrative review and guideline suggestion","volume":"61","author":"Shehadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572009000500005","article-title":"Incidence and main risk factors associated with ex-tubation failure in newborns with birth weight < 1250 grams","volume":"85","author":"Hermeto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"247","article-title":"Risk Factors of Extubation Failure in Intubated Preterm Infants at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. SQUMJ"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"887","article-title":"Clinical risk factors associated with extubation failure in ventilated neonates","volume":"46","author":"Hiremath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07720","article-title":"Neonatal Respiratory Support: 2019 Year in Review","volume":"65","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keszler, M. (2022). Goldsmith\u2019s Assisted Ventilation of the Neonate, Elsevier Saunders. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-76177-2.00028-3"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SUPPORT Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network (2010). Early CPAP versus Surfactant in Extremely Preterm Infants. N. Engl. J. Med., 362, 1970\u20131979.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911783"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1974","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"375","author":"Gilfillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2401","article-title":"Effects of Multiple Ventilation Courses and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation on Respiratory Outcomes in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants","volume":"169","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-15814061","article-title":"Early extubation attempts reduce length of stay in extremely preterm infants even if re-intubation is necessary","volume":"8","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neonatal-Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00050-7","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme activities are decreased in preterm infants and in neonates born via caesarean section","volume":"103","author":"Georgeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Vento, M. (2022). Goldsmith\u2019s Assisted Ventilation of the Neonate, Elsevier Saunders. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"CD011190","article-title":"Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants","volume":"2018","author":"Askie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3307","article-title":"Oxygen Saturation Target Range for Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"169","author":"Manja","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"van Kaam, A.H. (2022). Goldsmith\u2019s Assisted Ventilation of the Neonate, Elsevier Saunders. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"CD002061","article-title":"Permissive Hypercapnia for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality in Mechanically Ven-tilated Newborn Infants","volume":"2001","author":"Woodgate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00204-0","article-title":"Permissive Hypercapnia in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants (PHELBI): A Randomised Con-trolled Multicentre Trial","volume":"3","author":"Thome","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F121","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.178871","article-title":"Incidents associated with mechanical ventilation and intravascular catheters in neonatal intensive care: Exploration of the causes, severity and methods for prevention","volume":"96","author":"Snijders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.09.010","article-title":"Developing a neonatal unit ventilation protocol for the preterm baby","volume":"88","author":"Keszler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9604014","article-title":"Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury","volume":"157","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L573","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00211.2003","article-title":"Initial Responses to Ventilation of Premature Lambs Exposed to Intra-Amniotic En-dotoxin 4 Days before Delivery","volume":"286","author":"Ikegami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.05.043","article-title":"Ventilation Practices in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"157","author":"Rimensberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1194","article-title":"Role of Tidal Volume, FRC, and End-inspiratory Volume in the Development of Pulmonary Edema following Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"148","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-1006OC","article-title":"Atelectasis Causes Alveolar Injury in Nonatelectatic Lung Regions","volume":"174","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00570.2001","article-title":"Interactions of lung stretch, hyperoxia, and MIP-2 production in ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"93","author":"Quinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.54","article-title":"Effect of Mechanical Ventilation on Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"282","author":"Ranieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000244376","article-title":"Respiratory Support, Surface Activity and Protein Content during Nosocomial Infection in Preterm Neonates","volume":"70","author":"Griese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633720","article-title":"Decreased alveolarization in baboon survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"152","author":"Coalson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256724.70601.3A","article-title":"Lung-Protective Ventilation Strategies in Neonatology: What Do We Know\u2014What Do We Need to Know?","volume":"35","author":"Rimensberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.01.066","article-title":"Changes in Lung Volume and Ventilation during Lung Recruitment in High-Frequency Ventilated Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Miedema","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-299OC","article-title":"The Deflation Limb of the Pressure\u2013Volume Relationship in Infants during High-Frequency Ventilation","volume":"173","author":"Tingay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"CD003666","article-title":"Volume-Targeted versus Pressure-Limited Ventilation in Neonates","volume":"10","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272970","article-title":"Lung Recruitment Maneuver during Volume Guarantee Ventilation of Preterm Infants with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Castoldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1185","article-title":"Lung Volume Maintenance Prevents Lung Injury during High Frequency Oscil-latory Ventilation in Surfactant-Deficient Rabbits","volume":"137","author":"Mcculloch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26124","article-title":"Lung Recruitment in Neonatal High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation with Volume-Guarantee","volume":"57","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.804807","article-title":"Effects of High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation with Volume Guarantee During Surfactant Treatment in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns with Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Observational Study","volume":"9","author":"Tana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1159","article-title":"High Inflation Pressure Pulmonary Edema: Respective Effects of High Airway Pressure, High Tidal Volume, and Positive End-expiratory Pressure","volume":"137","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.5.2364","article-title":"Chest wall restriction limits high airway pressure-induced lung injury in young rabbits","volume":"66","author":"Hernandez","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.5.918","article-title":"Effects of hypocarbia on the development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants treated with high-frequency jet ventilation","volume":"98","author":"Wiswell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2434","article-title":"Both Extremes of Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure and the Magnitude of Fluctuations in Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure Are Associated with Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants","volume":"119","author":"Fabres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F158","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304613","article-title":"Volume-targeted ventilation is more suitable than pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F108","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314734","article-title":"Volume-targeted ventilation: One size does not fit all. Evidence-based recommendations for successful use","volume":"104","author":"Keszler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"128","article-title":"The impact of instrumental dead-space in volume-targeted ventilation of the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant","volume":"44","author":"Abubakar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.06.003","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation strategies","volume":"22","author":"Keszler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200302000-00008","article-title":"Positive pressure ventilation with the Open Lung Concept optimizes gas exchange and reduces ventilator-induced lung injury in newborn piglets","volume":"53","author":"Haitsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effect of volume guar-antee in preterm infants on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Enomoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000437204","article-title":"Impact of Volume Guarantee on High-Frequency Oscillatory Venti-lation in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial","volume":"108","author":"Iscan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000350","article-title":"Extubation from high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in extremely low birth weight infants: A prospective observational study","volume":"2","author":"Tana","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F444","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309264","article-title":"Prediction of Infant Extubation Outcomes Using the Tension-Time Index","volume":"101","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07928","article-title":"Spontaneous Breathing Trials in Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"66","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4868","article-title":"Assessment of Extubation Readiness Using Spontaneous Breathing Trials in Extremely Preterm Neonates","volume":"174","author":"Shalish","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07955","article-title":"Impact of Spontaneous Breathing Trials in Cardi-orespiratory Stability of Preterm Infants","volume":"66","author":"Nakato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000347101","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Extubation Readiness in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"104","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F70","DOI":"10.1136\/fetalneonatal-2011-301340","article-title":"Variability of Respiratory Parameters and Extubation Readiness in Ventilated Neonates","volume":"98","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02085-w","article-title":"Diaphragmatic electromyography during a spontaneous breathing trial to predict extubation failure in preterm infants","volume":"92","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001668239","article-title":"Spontaneous minute ventilation is a predictor of extubation failure in extremely-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"15","author":"Ventol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.01.004","article-title":"Real-Time Pulmonary Graphics","volume":"20","author":"Mammel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2013). Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants at Birth. Pediatrics, 133, 171\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3442"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.076","article-title":"Neonatal Lung Ultrasound and Surfactant Administration","volume":"160","author":"Raimondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000279887","article-title":"Lamellar Body Count and Stable Microbubble Test on Gastric Aspirates from Preterm Infants for the Diagnosis of Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Daniel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e30","article-title":"Targeted Early Rescue Surfactant in Ventilated Preterm Infants Using the Click Test","volume":"106","author":"Osborn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"CD010249","article-title":"Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"CD003063","article-title":"Early Surfactant Administration with Brief Ventilation vs. Selective Surfactant and Continued Mechanical Ventilation for Preterm Infants with or at Risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brix, N., Sellmer, A., Jensen, M.S., Pedersen, L.V., and Henriksen, T.B. (2014). Predictors for an Unsuccessful INtuba-tion-SURfactant-Extubation Procedure: A Cohort Study. BMC Pediatr., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-155"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903572174","article-title":"The INSURE method in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"23","author":"Dani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30179-X","article-title":"Lung recruitment before surfactant administration in extremely preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (IN-REC-SUR-E): A randomised, unblinded, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Vento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.07.010","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy and Noninvasive Respiratory Support","volume":"43","author":"Kribs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0504","article-title":"Nonintubated Surfactant Application vs Conventional Therapy in Extremely Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"169","author":"Kribs","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60986-0","article-title":"Avoidance of mechanical ventilation by surfactant treatment of spontaneously breathing preterm infants (AMV): An open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"Kribs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21892","article-title":"Effect of Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy vs Sham Treatment on Death or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"326","author":"Dargaville","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319763","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Methods for Surfactant Administration: A Network Me-ta-Analysis","volume":"106","author":"Bellos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323100","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the evidence underpinning the efficacy of less invasive surfactant administration","volume":"108","author":"Nobile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"CD011672","article-title":"Surfactant Therapy via Brief Tracheal Catheterization in Preterm Infants with or at Risk of Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Wheeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001527","article-title":"Early surfactant and non-invasive ventilation versus intubation and surfactant: A propensity score-matched national study","volume":"6","author":"Reigstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101230","article-title":"LISA\/MIST: Complex Clinical Problems Almost Never Have Easy Solutions","volume":"26","author":"Bancalari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F636","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316258","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy Failure: Risk Factors and Outcome","volume":"104","author":"Janssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Bancalari, E. (2018). The Newborn Lung, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F313","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315051","article-title":"Nebulised surfactant to reduce severity of respiratory distress: A blinded, parallel, randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Minocchieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.068","article-title":"Laryngeal Mask Airway for Surfactant Administration in Neonates: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"193","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1323592","article-title":"Administration of Rescue Surfactant by Laryngeal Mask Airway: Les-sons from a Pilot Trial","volume":"30","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556883","article-title":"The Role of Surfactant Therapy in Nonrespiratory Distress Syndrome Conditions in Neonates","volume":"33","author":"Keiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.04.006","article-title":"Alternatives to systemic postnatal corticosteroids: Inhaled, nebulized and intratracheal","volume":"24","author":"Bassler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23680","article-title":"Intratracheal Administration of Budesonide-Surfactant in Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/3\/535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:56Z","timestamp":1760122316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/3\/535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children10030535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10030535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}