{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:30:17Z","timestamp":1792182617083,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness"},{"name":"Doris Duke Foundation"},{"name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It affects approximately 2.2% of children. Both genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified for ASD. Visual comorbidities are relatively common among children with ASD. Between 20 and 44% of ASD children have visually significant refractive error, on-third have strabismus, and one-fifth have amblyopia. In addition, ASD is 30 times more common in children with congenital blindness. It is unknown whether the association of ASD with visual morbidity is causal, comorbid, or contributing. Structural and functional abnormalities have been identified in MRIs of ASD children, and ASD children have been noted to have aberrant eye tracking. ASD children with visually significant refractive errors and poor spectacle compliance (present in 30% of ASD children) offer the opportunity for investigation into how improved visual acuity influences ASD behaviors. In this review, we focus on what is known of the visual system, refractive surgery, and ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T03:07:57Z","timestamp":1679540877000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Visual Autism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University Saint Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Culican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Hirota","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-016-0101-1","article-title":"Autism and Visual Impairment: A Review of the Literature","volume":"4","author":"Butchart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. 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