{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:03:39Z","timestamp":1787061819582,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide for children aged \u22642 years. Few studies have compared general ward and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with bronchiolitis admitted to the general ward with those admitted to the PICU. Children (\u22646 years) previously diagnosed with bronchiolitis and admitted to the PICU or general ward at a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia between May 2016 and May 2021 were included. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to identify respiratory viruses. Of the 417 patients enrolled, 67 (16.06%) were admitted to the PICU. The PICU group was younger (median, 2 months; interquartile range [IQR], 1\u20135 months) vs. (6 months; IQR, 2.65\u201313.25 months). There was a dramatic reduction in bronchiolitis admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common causative virus was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (54.9%). In the multivariate regression analysis, hypoxia, hyperinflation on X-ray, and non-RSV bronchiolitis were independently associated with PICU admission. However, a higher chronological age and cough were protective. Children with Down syndrome, immunodeficiency, or neuromuscular disorders, and intermediate preterm infants (29\u201333 weeks of gestation) are at a high risk of PICU admission (adjusted odds ratio: 2.4, 7.1, 2.9, and 2.9; p = 0.037, 0.046, 0.033, and 0.029, respectively). Bronchiolitis is still one of the leading causes of PICU admission. Particular attention should be paid to preventive measures, especially in the post-COVID-19 era, targeting high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1680143026000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Osman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulqader","family":"Alaa adeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alsiraihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6096-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alwaleed","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Abushouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Yasir","family":"Al-hindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.016","article-title":"Viral bronchiolitis in children: A common condition with few therapeutic options","volume":"89","author":"Nicolai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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