{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:48:03Z","timestamp":1792716483253,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People with Down syndrome (DS) have gait deficits because motor milestones are usually reached later. Decreased gait speed or reduced stride length are some of the main deficits. The main objective of the present work was to assess the reliability of the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) in adolescents and young adults with DS. The objective has been to analyze the construct validity of the 10MWT with the Timed up and go (TUG) test. A total of 33 participants with DS were included. Reliability was verified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement was analyzed by the Bland-Altman method. Finally, construct validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation coefficient. The 10MWT intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were good (ICC between 0.76 until 0.9) and excellent (ICC &gt; 0.9), respectively. The minimal detectable change for intra-rater reliability was 0.188 m\/s. Also, it has demonstrated moderate construct validity (r &gt; 0.5) considering the TUG test. The 10MWT has shown high intra- and inter-rater reliability and validity in adolescent and adults with SD and a moderate construct validity between TUG test and 10MWT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:30:20Z","timestamp":1680229820000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reliability and Validity of the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) in Adolescents and Young Adults with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4791-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C\/ Donantes de Sangre s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Llamas-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C\/ Donantes de Sangre s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Llamas-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C\/ Donantes de Sangre s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Molina-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Carratal\u00e1-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Cuesta-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31826896eb","article-title":"What to measure when determining orthotic needs in children with down syndrome: A pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Looper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21956","article-title":"Gross motor function of children with Down syndrome: Creation of motor growth curves","volume":"82","author":"Palisano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315751","article-title":"Musculoskeletal anomalies in children with Down syndrome: An observational study","volume":"104","author":"Foley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2012.11.007","article-title":"Comparative study: Parameters of gait in Down syndrome versus matched obese and healthy children","volume":"14","author":"Elshemy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12007","article-title":"Relationship between flat foot condition and gait pattern alterations in children with Down syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Galli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.09.009","article-title":"Gait development during lifespan in subjects with Down syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Rigoldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.32.303","article-title":"Gait and postural control patterns and rehabilitation in Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Zago","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353292","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6353292","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nordic Walking Training in Improving the Gait of Persons with Down Syndrome","volume":"2019","author":"Skiba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.04.004","article-title":"Gait adaptations in response to perturbations in adults with Down syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12290","article-title":"Normative values for the Timed \u2018Up and Go\u2019 test in children and adolescents and validation for individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Donadio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4209812","article-title":"Methods of 10-Meter Walk Test and Repercussions for Reliability Obtained in Typically Developing Children","volume":"2020","author":"Vicente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graser, J.V., Letsch, C., and van Hedel, H.J.A. (2016). Reliability of timed walking tests and temporo-spatial gait parameters in youths with neurological gait disorders. BMC Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0538-y"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200305000-00006","article-title":"Walking speed in children and young adults with neuromuscular disease: Comparison between two assessment methods","volume":"23","author":"Pirpiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies","volume":"17","author":"Walter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0385-8","article-title":"Reliability, validity and discriminant ability of the instrumental indices provided by a novel planar robotic device for upper limb rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Germanotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0634-5","article-title":"Reliability, validity and discriminant ability of a robotic device for finger training in patients with subacute stroke","volume":"17","author":"Germanotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205001027","article-title":"Investigation of the timed \u2018up & go\u2019 test in children","volume":"47","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.127","article-title":"Evaluating neurological outcome measures: The bare essentials","volume":"60","author":"Hobart","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552006000200002","article-title":"Importance and clarification of measurement properties in rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Gadotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.10.015","article-title":"When to use agreement versusreliability measures","volume":"59","author":"Terwee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400008545","article-title":"Issues for selection of outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation: ICF activity","volume":"27","author":"Salter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.11.032","article-title":"Variability of spatiotemporal gait parameters in children with and without Down syndrome during treadmill walking","volume":"68","author":"Beerse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"183","article-title":"The effect of foot orthoses on standing foot posture and gait of young children with Down syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Hillstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162204000659","article-title":"Effects of supramalleolar orthoses on postural stability in children with Down syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61264-3","article-title":"Refining the ten-metre walking test for use with neurologically impaired people","volume":"88","author":"Watson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050410001672314","article-title":"Test-re-test reliability of walking speed, step length and step width measurement after traumatic brain injury: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Moseley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.025","article-title":"Validity and clinical utility of functional assessments in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"95","author":"Chrysagis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15061.x","article-title":"Correlation between the gross motor function measure scores and gait spatiotemporal measures in children with neurological impairments","volume":"38","author":"Drouin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02048.x","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the 10-metre fast walk test and 6-minute walk test in ambulatory school-aged children with cerebral palsy","volume":"50","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070255","article-title":"Reproducibility and minimal detectable change of three-dimensional kinematic analysis of reaching tasks in people with hemiparesis after stroke","volume":"88","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070214","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-item short-form health survey, and the unified Parkinson disease rating scale in people with parkinsonism","volume":"88","author":"Steffen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102134","article-title":"A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x","article-title":"Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Perera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.01.014","article-title":"Minimal detectable changes of the Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d Test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone","volume":"93","author":"Hiengkaew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070064","article-title":"Measuring deterioration in international classification of functioning domains of people with multiple sclerosis who are ambulatory","volume":"88","author":"Paltamaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u2018Up & Go\u2019: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12560","article-title":"Men and women with Down syndrome exhibit different kinematic (but not spatio-temporal) gait patterns","volume":"63","author":"Pau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2507","article-title":"Sex differences in the gait kinematics of patients with Down Syndrome: A preliminary report","volume":"51","author":"Zago","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-28","article-title":"Gait patterns in Prader-Willi and Down Syndrome patients","volume":"7","author":"Cimolin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.256","article-title":"A qualitative systematic overview of the measurement properties of functional walk tests used in the cardiorespiratory domain","volume":"119","author":"Solway","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199701000-00019","article-title":"Cross validation of the 1-mile walking test for men with mental retardation","volume":"29","author":"Rintala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199912000-00024","article-title":"Validity of a modified aerobic fitness test for adults with mental retardation","volume":"31","author":"Draheim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/4\/655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:19Z","timestamp":1760123239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/4\/655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children10040655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10040655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}