{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:08:25Z","timestamp":1760148505797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and tuberculosis (TB) are currently two major causes of death among infectious diseases. Active tuberculosis and a history of tuberculosis appear to be associated with an increased risk of COVID-19. This coinfection, named COVID-TB, was never described in previously healthy children. We report three cases of pediatric COVID-TB. We describe three girls affected by tuberculosis, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The first patient is a 5-year-old girl who was hospitalized for recurrent TB lymphadenopathy. As she never had any complications related to the concomitant infection with SARS-CoV-2, she received TB treatment. The second case is a 13-year-old patient with a history of pulmonary and splenic tuberculosis. She was admitted to the hospital due to deteriorating respiratory dynamics. She was already undergoing treatment for TB, but in the absence of improvement, she also required treatment for COVID-19. Slowly, the general condition improved until discharge. The last patient, a 10-year-old girl, was hospitalized for supraclavicular swelling. The investigations showed disseminated TB characterized by lung and bone involvement without COVID-19-related complications. She was treated with antitubercular and supportive therapy. Based on the data obtained from the adult population and our small experience, a pediatric patient with COVID-TB infection should be considered potentially at risk of worse clinical outcomes; for this reason, we suggest close observation, careful clinical management, and consideration of targeted anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T02:36:59Z","timestamp":1683859019000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric COVID-TB: A Clinical Perspective Based on the Analysis of Three Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Di Giuseppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7549-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maia","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Ippolita","family":"Calo Carducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Krzysztofiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Chiurchi\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lancella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Immunology an Infectious Diseases University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.05.026","article-title":"Presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in children: A meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"125","author":"Assaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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