{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:44:40Z","timestamp":1791229480305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-040-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-040-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluoride is present naturally in water and has been used worldwide for the prevention of caries. Several studies conducted in high water fluoride or endemic fluorosis areas reported that fluoride adversely affected children\u2019s cognitive function, but some studies had negative findings. This study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary fluoride, dental fluorosis, and intelligence among schoolchildren living in communities with non-fluoridated drinking water. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 562 children aged 6\u201312 years in Taichung, Taiwan. Each child\u2019s urinary fluoride level was determined by a fluoride-ion-selective electrode, and the dental fluorosis condition was evaluated according to the criteria of Dean\u2019s Index. The Raven\u2019s Colored Progressive Matrices-Parallel and Standard Progressive Matrices-Parallel were used to assess children\u2019s intelligence. The results showed that the mean (\u00b1standard deviation) urinary fluoride concentrations were 0.40 \u00b1 0.27 mg\/L (0.43 \u00b1 0.23 mg\/g creatinine) among participants. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 23.67%. After extensive evaluation of potential confounders, dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride were not associated with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores or grades in the regression models. In conclusion, dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride levels were not significantly related to the IQ of schoolchildren living in areas with low drinking water fluoride.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10060987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1685588760000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Association of Dental Fluorosis and Urinary Fluoride with Intelligence among Schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5185-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuh-Yih","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-En","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Development and Education, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suh-Woan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010). 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