{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:54:41Z","timestamp":1783468481503,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MODY ELKE Foundation of the University of Patras"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Head trauma is one of the most common pediatric emergencies. While the psychological effects of severe head injuries are well studied, the psychological consequences of mild head injuries often go overlooked. Head injuries with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13\u201315, with symptoms such as headache, vomiting, brief loss of consciousness, transient amnesia, and absence of focal neurological signs, are defined as mild. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stress of children with mild head injuries and their parents\u2019 relevant perception during the early post-traumatic period. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study on a cohort of children with mild head injuries and their parents. Two questionnaires were implemented, the Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ) which was compiled by the children, and the Children\u2019s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), compiled by their parents. Both questionnaires are widely used and reliable. The first presents an excellent predictive ability in children with a risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, while the second is a weighted self-completed detecting instrument for the measurement of post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents, with a detailed evaluation of their reactions to the traumatic incident. The participants responded one week and one month after the traumatic event. Results: A total of 175 children aged 6\u201314 years and 174 parents participated in the study. Stress was diagnosed in 33.7% of children after one week, and in 9.9% after one month. Parental responses suggesting stress presence in their children were 19.0% and 3.9%, respectively. These outcomes showed that mild head injuries are not so innocent. They are often underestimated by their parents and may generate a psychological burden to the children during the early post-traumatic period. Conclusions: Mild head injuries may affect the emotional welfare of children. Healthcare providers should understand the importance of the psychological effect of this overlooked type of injury. They should be trained in the psychological effect of trauma and be aware of this probability, promptly notify the parents accordingly, and provide psychological assistance beyond medical treatment. Follow-up and support are needed to avoid the possibility of future post-traumatic stress disorder. More extensive research is needed as the outcomes of this study regarded a limited population in numbers, age, and survey period. Furthermore, many children with mild head injuries do not ever visit the emergency department and stay at home unrecorded. Community-based research on the topic should therefore be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:25:21Z","timestamp":1687911921000},"page":"1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post-Traumatic Stress as a Psychological Effect of Mild Head Injuries in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0878-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xenophon","family":"Sinopidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kallianezos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Hospital of Patras, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5185-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Gkentzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Kostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Fouzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Dassios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Vervenioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ageliki","family":"Karatza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos","family":"Roupakias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Panagidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Hospital of Patras, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Blevrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Jelastopulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.03.017","article-title":"Updates in pediatric emergency medicine for 2022","volume":"68","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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