{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:44:19Z","timestamp":1777563859123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate if the Personality Disorder (PD) severity concept (Criterion A) of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 AMPD is applicable to children and adolescents, following the ICD-11 lifespan perspective of mental disorders, age-specific and informant-adapted assessment tools are needed. The LoPF-Q 6-18 PR (Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire Parent Rating) was developed to assess Impaired Personality Functioning (IPF) in children aged 6\u201318 in parent-reported form. It is based on the established self-report questionnaire LoPF-Q 12-18. Psychometric properties were investigated in a German-speaking clinical and school sample containing 599 subjects. The final 36-item version of LoPF-Q 6-18 PR showed good scale reliabilities with 0.96 for the total scale IPF and 0.90-0.87 for the domain scales Identity, Self-direction, Empathy, and Intimacy\/Attachment and an acceptable model fit in a hierarchical CFA with CFI = 0.936, RMSEA = 0.078, and SRMR = 0.068. The total score discriminated significantly and with large effect sizes between the school population and (a) adolescent PD patients (d = 2.7 standard deviations) and (b) the younger patients (6\u201311-year-olds) with internalizing and externalizing disorders (d = 2.2 standard deviations). Informant agreement between parent and self-report was good at 0.47. Good construct validity can be assumed given sound covariation with related measures of psychopathology (CBCL 4-18, STiP-5.1, OPD-CA2-SQ PR) and maladaptive traits (PID5BF+ M CA IRF) in line with theory and matching the result patterns obtained in older samples in self-report. The results suggest that parent-reported assessments of IPF and maladaptive traits are equivalent to self-reported measures for Criterion A and B. Assessing IPF as early as age six might be a valuable step to foster early detection of PD, or maladaptive personality development, respectively individuals at risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impaired Personality Functioning in Children and Adolescents Assessed with the LoPF-Q 6-18 PR in Parent-Report and Convergence with Maladaptive Personality Traits and Personality Structure in School and Clinic Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gresa","family":"Mazreku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Birkh\u00f6lzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sefa","family":"Cosgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Clinic, 34740 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Kerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3114-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Goth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinics Saarland (UKS), 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022). 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