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vocabulary outcomes and (2) investigate how early intervention-related factors impact expressive vocabulary outcomes in children with hearing loss predominantly identified through universal newborn hearing screening. We used validated parent\/caregiver-reported checklists from two longitudinal cohorts (302 children with unilateral or bilateral hearing loss, 1742 children without hearing loss) representing the same population in Victoria, Australia. The impact of hearing loss and amplification-related factors on vocabulary was estimated using g-computation and multivariable linear regression. Children with versus without hearing loss had poorer expressive vocabulary scores, with mean scores for bilateral loss 0.5 (mild loss) to 0.9 (profound loss) standard deviations lower and for unilateral loss marginally (0.1 to 0.3 standard deviations) lower. For children with hearing loss, early intervention and amplification by 3 months, rather than by 6 months or older, resulted in higher expressive vocabulary scores. Children with hearing loss demonstrated delayed spoken expressive vocabulary despite whole-state systems of early detection and intervention. Our findings align with calls to achieve a 1-2-3 month timeline for early hearing detection and intervention benchmarks for screening, identification, and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T08:35:47Z","timestamp":1689323747000},"page":"1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spoken Expressive Vocabulary in 2-Year-Old Children with Hearing Loss: A Community Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Carew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy A.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libby","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tegan","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith L.","family":"Bavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6506-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7501-9257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.20.1.5","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening speeds diagnosis and access to intervention by 20\u201325 months","volume":"20","author":"Sininger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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