{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:52:55Z","timestamp":1784159575719,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP D93C22000890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D93C22000890001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP D93C22000890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D93C22000890001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pubertal development represents the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and attains reproductive function. The effects of vitamin D are mainly mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed in almost all body cells, including the ovary and human pituitary gland and animal hypothalamus. Thus, vitamin D has gained great interest as pathogenic factor of pubertal disorders and fertility. This narrative review aimed to provide a broad overview of the available literature regarding the association between vitamin D levels, puberty timing, and age at menarche. A review of the data on the involvement of micronutrient deficiency, as a modifiable cause of pubertal disorders, is important for the prediction and prevention of deficiencies as well as for fertility protection and should be considered a public health priority. Reported data support that vitamin D is a regulator of neuroendocrine and ovarian physiology and, more in detail, a deficiency of vitamin D is involved in altered pubertal timing. Considering the long-term consequences of early pubertal development and early menarche, the detection of modifiable causes is crucial in preventive strategies. Future studies in humans and with an increased scale are needed to elucidate the vitamin D role in sexual maturation and puberty development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:20:14Z","timestamp":1689801614000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between Vitamin D Levels, Puberty Timing, and Age at Menarche"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria Carlotta","family":"Magenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Maria","family":"Tagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Grazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hellas","family":"Cena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Fabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.med.0000436252.53459.ef","article-title":"Update on vitamin D during childhood","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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