{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:13Z","timestamp":1760149273498,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"local community Plan on Drugs of the city council of Oviedo"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article proposes a new approach to understand substance use among adolescent athletes. Thus, this article describes an investigation of the likelihood of alcohol and tobacco use in adolescent athletes considering the type of sport, age, gender, and their action tendencies. A total of 552 athletes with an age range of 12\u201316 years were engaged in medium\u2013high-contact sports (n = 291) and non-contact sports (n = 261). They completed the Children\u2019s Action Tendency Scale, the Sport Children\u2019s Action Tendency Scale, and the Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire. The results showed that 16-year-old athletes were the most likely to drink alcohol and to smoke tobacco (p &lt; 0.001). Likewise, it was found that practicing a medium\u2013high-contact sport was a risk factor for alcohol and tobacco use (p &lt; 0.01). The more aggressive athletes were more likely to have smoked tobacco during the last month (p = 0.019) and also to drink more alcohol that the less aggressive ones (p &lt; 0.001). Finally, the athletes who showed more submissiveness were less likely to have drunk alcohol in the last year and the last month (p &lt; 0.001). These findings show the predictive value of new factors associated with alcohol and tobacco use among adolescent athletes. Preventive measures should be targeted, since a new link between the action tendencies in sport and substance use has been found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T04:27:13Z","timestamp":1689827233000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors Influencing the Likelihood of Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Adolescent Athletes: Type of Sport, Age, and Action Tendencies in Sport"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Carriedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Cecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n Cultura y Deporte (2022). Encuesta de los H\u00e1bitos Deportivos en Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-86","article-title":"Getting kids active by participating in sport and doing it more often: Focusing on what matters","volume":"9","author":"Mandic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001142","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between sport involvement and mental health in adolescence","volume":"49","author":"Vella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12758","article-title":"The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Skrede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190997","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0997","article-title":"Organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents","volume":"143","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-98","article-title":"A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport","volume":"10","author":"Eime","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300108","article-title":"The deterrence hypothesis reexamined: Sports participation and substance use among young adults","volume":"33","author":"Eitle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011","article-title":"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-005-0012-3","article-title":"A multihealth behavior intervention integrating physical activity and substance use prevention for adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Werch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02177.x","article-title":"Adolescent pathways to adulthood drinking: Sport activity involvement is not necessarily risky or protective","volume":"103","author":"Peck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236284","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1236284","article-title":"Are sports-related factors correlated to the prevalence and initiation of illicit drug misuse in adolescence? Prospective study in older adolescents","volume":"2018","author":"Zubak","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2003.07.001","article-title":"Testing direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health in Spanish adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age","volume":"26","author":"Pastor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.28.1.7","article-title":"Tobacco use and cessation behavior among adolescents participating in organized sports","volume":"28","author":"Castrucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1389","article-title":"Sports practices related to alcohol and tobacco use among high school students","volume":"37","author":"Bedendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02422.x","article-title":"Does sports participation during adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use?","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.02.031","article-title":"Sport and physical activity participation and substance use among adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.949","article-title":"Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking","volume":"111","author":"Ellickson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.10","article-title":"Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour","volume":"19","author":"Spear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.14718\/ACP.2018.21.2.6","article-title":"Consumo de alcohol conducta antisocial e impulsividad en adolescentes espa\u00f1oles","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Colomb. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1674681","article-title":"Prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport","volume":"19","author":"Kavussanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2014-0225","article-title":"Antisocial and prosocial behaviour in sport: The role of motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and moral disengagement","volume":"37","author":"Hodge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.16.1.1","article-title":"Children\u2019s Moral Reasoning and Their Assertive, Aggressive, and Submissive Tendencies in Sport and Daily Life","volume":"16","author":"Bredemeier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelson, L., Sugai, D., Wood, R., and Kazdin, A. (1983). Social Skills Assessment and Training in Children: An Empirically based Handbook, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0348-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104746","article-title":"Submissiveness, assertiveness and aggressiveness in school-age children: The role of self-efficacy and the Big Five","volume":"110","author":"Nikel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"145","article-title":"The relationship between Gender Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9630-6","article-title":"Physical aggression and concurrent alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Matuszka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.47.6.1061","article-title":"Children\u2019s Action Tendency Scale: A self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness in children","volume":"47","author":"Deluty","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"34","article-title":"Repercusiones del Programa Delfos sobre los niveles de agresividad en el deporte y otros contextos de la vida diaria","volume":"2","author":"Cecchini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apunt. Educ. F\u00edsica Deportes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.27.2.167","article-title":"Measuring students\u2019 perceptions of personal and social responsibility and the relationship to intrinsic motivation in urban physical education","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"119","article-title":"Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del Cuestionario de Responsabilidad Personal y Social en contextos de educaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica","volume":"20","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp011","article-title":"Gender differences regarding the alcohol-tobacco relationship among Romanian adolescents\u2013a longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Lotrean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812437022","article-title":"Adolescent substance use and aggression: A review","volume":"39","author":"Doran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.020","article-title":"Changes in friends\u2019 and parental influences on cigarette smoking from early through late adolescence","volume":"53","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"A85","article-title":"Co-use of alcohol and tobacco among ninth-graders in Louisiana","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e4ltstr\u00f6m, A., Skillgate, E., Weiss, N., K\u00e4llberg, H., Lyberg, V., Wald\u00e9n, M., H\u00e4gglund, M., Asker, M., and Tranaeus, U. (2022). Lifestyle characteristics in adolescent female football players: Data from the Karolinska football Injury Cohort. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00603-1"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Observatorio Espa\u00f1ol de las Drogas y las Adicciones (2021). Monograf\u00eda Alcohol 2021. Consumo y Consecuencias."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.032","article-title":"Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review","volume":"35","author":"Lisha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/14.2.225","article-title":"Sport activity in adolescence: Associations with health perceptions and experimental behaviours","volume":"14","author":"Ferron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.039","article-title":"Participation in sports and alcohol consumption among French adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Lorente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.24.2.3","article-title":"Organized group activity as a protective factor against adolescent substance use","volume":"24","author":"Elder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.4.698","article-title":"Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations","volume":"42","author":"Fredricks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.297","article-title":"The frequency and nature of alcohol and tobacco advertising in televised sports, 1990 through 1992","volume":"84","author":"Madden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/1532-7795.00007","article-title":"The impact of pubertal timing on adolescents\u2019 alcohol use","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.12.021","article-title":"Exercise and substance use among American youth, 1991\u20132009","volume":"40","author":"Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00116.x","article-title":"Beyond the U-curve: The relationship between sport and alcohol, cigarette and cannabis use in adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Beck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0554-7","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behavior among adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Kirckcaldy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.11.1577","article-title":"Association between physical activity and other health behaviors in a representative sample of US adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Pate","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199710000-00004","article-title":"Lifestyles and health risks of collegiate athletes: A multi-center study","volume":"7","author":"Nattiv","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690215586998","article-title":"Competitive sports participation in high school and subsequent substance use in young adulthood: Assessing differences based on level of contact","volume":"52","author":"Veliz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9673-0","article-title":"Moderators of the dynamic link between alcohol use and aggressive behavior among adolescent males","volume":"41","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"17","article-title":"Perceived characteristics of aggressiveness in male adolescent athletes and nonathletes","volume":"45","author":"Malinauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Cercet. Interv. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13624","article-title":"Intra-and interindividual variability in the behavioral, affective, and perceptual effects of alcohol consumption in a social context","volume":"42","author":"Franzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.12.003","article-title":"Relations among behavioral inhibition, Big Five personality factors, and anxiety disorder symptoms in non-clinical children","volume":"46","author":"Muris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, G., Deary, I.J., and Whiteman, M.C. (2003). Personality Traits, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812736"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"403","article-title":"Factores psicosociales relacionados con el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes espa\u00f1oles","volume":"7","author":"Delgado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeigler-Hill, V., and Shackelford, T. (2016). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000118586","article-title":"An assessment of the validity of adolescent selfreported smoking using three biological indicators","volume":"5","author":"Dolcini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"250","article-title":"Preventing alcohol and tobacco use through life skills training: Theory, methods, and empirical findings","volume":"24","author":"Botvin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/7\/1248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:15:17Z","timestamp":1760127317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/7\/1248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["children10071248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10071248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]}}}