{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:11:14Z","timestamp":1790871074821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: An increased rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is reported in extremely preterm infants. A potential role of human milk feeding in protecting against this condition has been suggested. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted based on data about morbidity in the population of infants born between 22+0 and 26+6 weeks of gestation, included in the Spanish network SEN1500 during the period 2004\u20132019 and discharged alive. The primary outcome was moderate-severe BPD. Associated conditions were studied, including human milk feeding at discharge. The temporal trends of BPD and human milk feeding rates at discharge were also studied. Results: In the study population of 4341 infants, the rate of moderate-severe BPD was 43.7% and it increased to &gt;50% in the last three years. The factors significantly associated with a higher risk of moderate-severe BPD were birth weight, male sex, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, patent ductus arteriosus, and late-onset sepsis. Exclusive human milk feeding and any amount of human milk at discharge were associated with a lower incidence of moderate-severe BPD (OR 0.752, 95% CI 0.629\u20130.901 and OR 0.714, 95% CI 0.602\u20130.847, respectively). During the study period, the proportion of infants with moderate-severe BPD fed any amount of human milk at discharge increased more than twofold. And the proportion of infants with moderate-severe BPD who were exclusively fed human milk at discharge increased at the same rate. Conclusions: Our work shows an inverse relationship between human milk feeding at discharge from the neonatal unit and the occurrence of BPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Human Milk Feeding Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of Moderate-Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2612-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Verd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Care Primary Unit, La Vileta Surgery, Health Sciences Research Institute (IUNICS), Balearic University, 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roser","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Ginovart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Avila-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC), SERGAS, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6028-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferm\u00edn","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Izquierdo Renau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 07007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7981-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Sol","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1417-7","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical aspects and preventive and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Principi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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