{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:31:58Z","timestamp":1793068318165,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis (MDO) is now the preferred procedure to alleviate airway obstruction in infants with severe Robin Sequence (RS). However, there have been very few studies investigating complications related to MDO surgery performed on patients affected by isolated RS. In this study, age at distraction, weight at distraction, preoperative intubation, repeat MDO and complications associated with MDO were included as variables. Minor, moderate and major problems were evaluated and recorded as surgical site infections (SSI), injuries to the facial nerve, self-extinction hypertrophic scars, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, device failures, early ossification and fibrous non-union. One hundred and fifty one patients with isolated RS were included. At distraction, the mean age was 72 days (12\u2013540 days) and the mean weight was 4.05 kg (2.4\u201312.2 kg). Only one patient needed tracheostomy after MDO, and none required further distraction. Ultimately, the complication rate was 15.23%, and there was a total of 7.95% minor, 9.27% moderate and 0% major complications. Minor incidents included surgical site infection (SSI) managed with antibiotics taken orally (n = 8), neuropraxia in the VII cranial nerve (CN) (n = 1), and hypertrophic scarring (n = 3). Incidents reported as moderate were SSIs managed with intravenous antibiotics (n = 9), incision and drainage (n = 3) and self-extubation (n = 2). There was no case of TMJ ankylosis. There were no cases of early or premature ossification, fibrous non-union and device fracture. In conclusion, MDO is an effective and appropriate management technique for infants with isolated RS and severe airway obstruction. Infections at the surgery site accounted for the vast majority of the complications. Further investigations may be needed to determine the long-term consequences of MDO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:40:22Z","timestamp":1695552022000},"page":"1591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Complications of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis in Infants with Isolated Robin Sequence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayank","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orofacial Pain, TMD & Dental Sleep Medicine at Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0796","article-title":"Best Practices for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Infants With Robin Sequence: A Clinical Consensus Report","volume":"170","author":"Breugem","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.329","article-title":"Highly conserved non-coding elements on either side of SOX9 associated with Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"41","author":"Benko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31374","article-title":"Developmental and genetic perspectives on Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"163","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C. Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004581","article-title":"Surgical Management and Outcomes of Pierre Robin Sequence: A Comparison of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis and Tongue-Lip Adhesion","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90041-8","article-title":"Autosomal sex reversal and campomelic dysplasia are caused by mutations in and around the SRY-related gene SOX9","volume":"79","author":"Wagner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.046177","article-title":"Pierre Robin sequence may be caused by dysregulation of SOX9 and KCNJ2","volume":"44","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1597\/05-008.1","article-title":"The genetic basis of the Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"43","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.02.1278","article-title":"The effects of clinical factors on airway outcomes of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200212000-00013","article-title":"The first decade of mandibular distraction: Lessons we have learned","volume":"110","author":"McCarthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181b5d4de","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis: A clinical experience of the last 17 years","volume":"20","author":"Molina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.12.007","article-title":"Three-dimensional airways volumetric analysis before and after fast and early mandibular osteodistraction","volume":"45","author":"Ramieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S545","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002702","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis as a primary intervention in infants with Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"86","author":"Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000145794.01442.64","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in Pierre Robin sequence: Application of a new internal single-stage resorbable device","volume":"115","author":"Burstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Z., Battaglino, R., Zhou, J., Cui, Y., Shrivastava, M., Tian, G., Sahebdel, F., and Ye, L. (2022). The Effect of Timing of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis on Weight Velocity in Infants Affected by Severe Robin Sequence. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030319"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007339","article-title":"Effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on three-dimensional upper airway anatomy in newborns affected by isolated Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"587","article-title":"The Robin anomalad\u2014its nonspecificity and associated syndromes","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0205_tiotdo_2.3.co_2","article-title":"The implications of the diagnosis of Robin sequence","volume":"29","author":"Shprintzen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318258bcf1","article-title":"Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins hypoplastic mandible comparison using three-dimensional morphometric analysis","volume":"23","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000640","article-title":"Complications associated with neonatal mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of Robin sequence","volume":"25","author":"Murage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619864735","article-title":"Neonatal Mandibular Distraction Does Not Increase Inpatient Complications","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181956664","article-title":"Documentation of the incidents associated with mandibular distraction: Introduction of a new stratification system","volume":"123","author":"Shetye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475769.06773.86","article-title":"Long-term results of mandibular distraction osteogenesis with a resorbable device in infants with Robin sequence: Effects on developing molars and mandibular growth","volume":"137","author":"Paes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181ecc6e5","article-title":"Complications of mandibular distraction osteogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Master","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002271","article-title":"Mid-Term Dental and Nerve-Related Complications of Infant Distraction for Robin Sequence","volume":"138","author":"Steinberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008611","article-title":"Efficacy and Complications of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis for Airway Obstruction in the Robin Sequence Population: A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"33","author":"Chocron","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f526d9","article-title":"The evolution of mandibular distraction: Device selection","volume":"126","author":"Davidson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.02.005","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of the mandible and upper airway in children with Robin sequence and relationship to the treatment strategy","volume":"49","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.06.019","article-title":"Condylar positions before and after bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199289010-00001","article-title":"Lengthening the human mandible by gradual distraction","volume":"89","author":"McCarthy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01340-3","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Defects and Outcomes in Patients with Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001514","article-title":"Treacher Collins syndrome and tracheostomy: Decannulation using mandibular distraction osteogenesis","volume":"81","author":"Runyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001710","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in low-weight neonates with Robin sequence: Is it safe?","volume":"136","author":"Tahiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2016.01.009","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis for the management of upper airway obstruction in children with micrognathia: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Breik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.03.033","article-title":"Feeding and reflux in children after mandibular distraction osteogenesis for micrognathia: A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Breik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.07.032","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis: At what age to proceed","volume":"75","author":"Kolstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.01.049","article-title":"Does the rate of distraction or type of distractor affect the outcome of mandibular distraction in children with micrognathia?","volume":"74","author":"Breik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/2732501620949197","article-title":"Alternative Factors Associated With Failure of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Humphries","year":"2020","journal-title":"FACE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200407000-00018","article-title":"Neonatal distraction surgery for micrognathia reduces obstructive apnea and the need for tracheotomy","volume":"15","author":"Wittenborn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.3.344","article-title":"Mandibular distraction for micrognathia and severe upper airway obstruction","volume":"130","author":"Mandell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181b6c1b0","article-title":"Clinical experience with the application of distraction osteogenesis for airway obstruction","volume":"20","author":"Genecov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-0998-z","article-title":"A systematic review on the outcome of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in infants suffering Robin sequence","volume":"17","author":"Paes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007736","article-title":"Device Malfunction Associated With Mandibular Distraction for Infants With Robin Sequence","volume":"32","author":"Manrique","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.2","article-title":"Neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Colloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuropathic pain","volume":"52","author":"Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70143-5","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: Diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Baron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.136","article-title":"Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: Now and in the future","volume":"47","author":"Siddall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00111-0","article-title":"Change in mRNAs for neuropeptides and the 633 GABAA receptor in dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat experimental neuropathic pain model","volume":"78","author":"Fukuoka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2021.0011","article-title":"Hsa-MiR- 635 19a-3p and hsa-MiR-19b-3p are associated with spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain: Findings from a genome-wide MicroRNA expression profiling screen","volume":"2","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.5241","article-title":"Report of Neuropathic Pain After Dental Implant Placement: A Case Series","volume":"32","author":"Politis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrivastava, M., and Ye, L. (2022). A Review on Autophagy in Orofacial Neuropathic Pain. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233842"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1680","article-title":"Pain from Dental Implant Placement, Inflammatory Pulpitis Pain, and Neuropathic Pain Present Different Somatosensory Profiles","volume":"31","author":"Porporatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain. Headache"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1575","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in temporomandibular joint disorders: Case-control analysis by MR imaging","volume":"30","author":"Meli","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00129-1","article-title":"A comprehensive review on biomarkers associated with painful temporomandibular disorders","volume":"13","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221077591","article-title":"Timing and Duration of Facial Nerve Dysfunction After Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis for Robin Sequence","volume":"60","author":"Crowder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.07.034","article-title":"Does Mandibular Distraction Vector Influence Airway Volumes and Outcome?","volume":"75","author":"Zellner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.02.018","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis of the mandible for airway obstruction in children: Long-term results","volume":"143","author":"Tibesar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"191","article-title":"Neonatal mandibular distraction osteogenesis: A technique for treating neonates with micrognathia and risk of respiratory obstruction","volume":"35","author":"Allam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Egypt J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811429254","article-title":"Early intervention: Distraction osteogenesis of the mandible for severe airway obstruction","volume":"146","author":"Mudd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007670","article-title":"The Surgical Treatment of Robin Sequence: Neonatal Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis in the Unfavorable Patient","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000299285.97379.35","article-title":"Meta-analysis of mandibular distraction osteogenesis: Clinical applications and functional outcomes","volume":"121","author":"Ow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1597\/15-282","article-title":"Outcome following surgical interventions for micrognathia in infants with Pierre Robin sequence: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Almajed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000438049.29258.a8","article-title":"The effectiveness of mandibular distraction in improving airway obstruction in the pediatric population","volume":"133","author":"Tahiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.05.030","article-title":"The effect of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on airway obstruction and polysomnographic parameters in children with Robin sequence","volume":"46","author":"Manica","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003167","article-title":"Airway and Feeding Outcomes of Mandibular Distraction, Tongue-Lip Adhesion, and Conservative Management in Pierre Robin Sequence: A Prospective Study","volume":"139","author":"Khansa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.08.002","article-title":"The T\u00fcbingen palatal plate approach to Robin sequence: Summary of current evidence","volume":"47","author":"Poets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Effert, J., Uhlig, S., Wiechers, C., Quante, M., Poets, C.F., Schulz, M.C., Reinert, S., Krimmel, M., Koos, B., and Weise, C. (2023). Prospective Evaluation of Children with Robin Sequence following T\u00fcbingen Palatal Plate Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020448"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/10\/1591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:56Z","timestamp":1760129816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/10\/1591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["children10101591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10101591","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]}}}