{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:23:47Z","timestamp":1792041827782,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Body image and psychosocial functioning represent central challenges during adolescence and early adulthood. Malocclusion, defined as an irregularity in the alignment of the teeth, is known to negatively influence psychological outcomes. The current study aimed to elucidate the role of malocclusion, together with age, gender, and dental class, in body image and psychological functioning. Methods: A total of 126 participants aged from 12 to 19 years old (mean: 15.87, SD: 2.35, female participants: 52.4%, male participants: 47.6%) were recruited. Participants were visited at the University Hospital of Messina, Italy, and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Body Image Concern Inventory (I-BICI), and the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). Results: Significant correlations were found between age, dental class, the BICI, and the PIDAQ. In particular, age showed a positive and significant correlation with PIDAQ\u2014total score. The correlations between occlusal status and the BICI variables were all significant and positive. All correlations between occlusal status and the PIDAQ variables were all significant and positive, except for dental self-confidence. The correlations between the variables of the PIDAQ and BICI instruments were all significant and positive, except for dental self-confidence, where the directions were significant and negative. Moreover, age, gender, and occlusal status predicted BICI and PIDAQ scores. Age was a positive predictor for PIDAQ self-confidence, gender for BICI and PIDAQ total scores, along with dysmorphic symptoms, social impact, psychological impact, and aesthetic concerns. Several significant gender differences were highlighted by the analyses, with higher scores in the female group on all the BICI variables, except symptom interference, and all the PIDAQ variables, except dental self-confidence. Conclusions: Malocclusion appeared to play a central role in the psychological, representational, and psychosocial life of the participants. This research suggests that malocclusion and dental issues influence the psychological, representational, and psychosocial life of adolescents. Further research is required to examine the psychological impact of dental problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T01:31:22Z","timestamp":1697419882000},"page":"1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Body Image and Psychological Impact of Dental Appearance in Adolescents with Malocclusion: A Preliminary Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Sicari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele Maria","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1867-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Nucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Portelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Settineri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam Alexander MacKenzie","family":"Myles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Militi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90238-1","article-title":"DAI: The Dental Aesthetic Index: Naham C. 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