{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:12:12Z","timestamp":1785291132951,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science &amp; Technology department of Sichuan Province","award":["22ZDZX0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZDZX0014"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology department of Sichuan Province","award":["KL118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL118"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology department of Sichuan Province","award":["SCU2022D022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU2022D022"]}]},{"name":"clinical development grant of West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University","award":["22ZDZX0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZDZX0014"]}]},{"name":"clinical development grant of West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University","award":["KL118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL118"]}]},{"name":"clinical development grant of West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University","award":["SCU2022D022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU2022D022"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["22ZDZX0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZDZX0014"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["KL118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL118"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SCU2022D022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU2022D022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study explored the clinical features and immune responses of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) during pneumonia episodes. Methods: The 61 children with PCD who were admitted to hospital because of pneumonia were retrospectively enrolled into this study between April 2017 and August 2022. A total of 61 children with pneumonia but without chronic diseases were enrolled as the control group. The clinical characteristics, levels of inflammatory indicators, pathogens, and imaging features of the lungs were compared between the two groups. Results: The PCD group had higher levels of lymphocytes (42.80% versus 36.00%, p = 0.029) and eosinophils (2.40% versus 1.25%, p = 0.020), but lower neutrophil counts (3.99 versus 5.75 \u00d7 109\/L, p = 0.011), percentages of neutrophils (46.39% versus 54.24%, p = 0.014), CRP (0.40 versus 4.20 mg\/L, p &lt; 0.001) and fibrinogen (257.50 versus 338.00 mg\/dL, p = 0.010) levels. Children with PCD and children without chronic diseases were both most commonly infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (24.6% versus 51.9%). Children with PCD had significantly more common imaging features, including mucous plugging (p = 0.042), emphysema (p = 0.007), bronchiectasis (p &lt; 0.001), mosaic attenuation (p = 0.012), interstitial inflammation (p = 0.015), and sinusitis (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: PCD is linked to immune system impairment, which significantly contributes to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10111727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1698147287000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Immune Responses in Children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia during Pneumonia Episodes: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Danli","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children\u2019s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children\u2019s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children\u2019s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children\u2019s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children\u2019s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0934","article-title":"Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: A Review","volume":"147","author":"Dunsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.05.007","article-title":"Advances in the Genetics of Primary Ciliary dyskinesia: Clinical 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