{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:00:41Z","timestamp":1778011241917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) have become a major concern in modern societies. It is essential to detect their emotional, behavioral and social consequences as early as childhood. The aim of this study is to examine a set of strengths and difficulties and compare them between students with and without SLD. Participants in this study were adolescents aged 11\u201318 years from Budapest and villages of its Metropolitan area (Hungary) (N = 276, mean age = 13.6 years, SD = 1.8, 54.7% boys). Due to multistage sampling, a nearly equal number of students had SLD or not. In addition to sociodemographics, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Satisfaction With Life Scale and the Proactive Coping Inventory were included in the survey, and t-test, correlation and logistic regression analysis were applied in statistical analyses. Our findings suggest that in early adolescence (ages 11\u201314 years), conduct and peer problems, in late adolescence (ages 15\u201318 years), emotional problems, highlighted SLD. In terms of strengths, prosocial behavior in children with SLD may compensate difficulties, especially at a younger age. Students from lower SES families and those having parents with a lower educational level are more likely to have a diagnosis of SLD. Teachers and special educators should take care of improving the adolescents\u2019 prosociality, social and coping skills and listening to emotional, conduct and peer problems in those with SLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10111741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T03:33:51Z","timestamp":1698377631000},"page":"1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Strengths and Difficulties among Adolescent with and without Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina F.","family":"Piko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, 6722 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Dudok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Education, University of Szeged, 6722 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, October 08). OECD\/CERI: Students with Disabilities, Difficulties, Disadvantages\u2014Statistics and Indicators for Curriculum Access and Equity (Special Educational Needs). Washington, DC. Available online: https:\/\/includ-ed.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/sen_students_-_statistics_and_indicators_-_oecd.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tannock, R. (2023, October 10). DSM-5 Changes in Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD): What Are the Implications? International Dyslexia Association. Available online: http:\/\/dyslexiahelp.umich.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/IDA_DSM-5%20Changes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103858","article-title":"Self-efficacy and psychological well-being in a sample of Italian university students with and without Specific Learning Disorder","volume":"110","author":"Matteucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2018.1561698","article-title":"Does childhood reading disability or its continuance into adulthood underlie problems in adult-age psychosocial well-being? A follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Eloranta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/19404158.2018.1479975","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Emotional impact and consequences","volume":"23","author":"Livingston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Learn. Diffic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00478","article-title":"Socioemotional features and resilience in Italian university students with and without dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Ghisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Prater, M.A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325070280020701","article-title":"Inclusionary education in Italy: A literature review and call for more empirical research","volume":"28","author":"Begeny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remed. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.10.017","article-title":"Strategies for inclusion: Learning from students\u2019 perspectives on acceleration in inclusive education","volume":"69","author":"Dare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1531","article-title":"Why are reading difficulties associated with mental health problems?","volume":"22","author":"Boyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, October 06). Mental Health of Adolescents. Available online: https:\/\/who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104372","article-title":"Mediating role of self-concept on character strengths and well-being among adolescents with specific learning disorder in India","volume":"132","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.152243","article-title":"Psychological co-morbidity in children with Specific Learning Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050057","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12903","article-title":"Strengths and difficulties in children with specific learning disabilities","volume":"48","author":"Ayar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.02.003","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and psychological wellbeing of children with specific learning disorders and their mothers","volume":"87","author":"Matteucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00292","article-title":"Comorbidities between specific learning disorders and psychopathology in elementary school children in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Visser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.05.007","article-title":"Working memory in children with specific learning disorders and\/or attention deficits","volume":"49","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102023","article-title":"A systematic review of autistic children\u2019s prosocial behaviour","volume":"98","author":"Bramham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Aut. Spect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasso, M., Lazzaro, G., Demaria, F., Menghini, D., and Vicari, S. (2022). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a valuable screening tool for identifying core symptoms and behavioural and emotional problems in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137731"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagemaker, E., Hofmann, V., and M\u00fcller, C.M. (2023). Prosocial behavior in students with intellectual disabilities: Individual level predictors and the role of the classroom peer context. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281598"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"505","article-title":"Behavioral, emotional and social difficulties of dyslexic children during school age (7\u201315 years)\u2014Longitudinal research","volume":"57","author":"Foltova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceskoclov. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2016.1209541","article-title":"Prosocial behavior increases perceptions of meaning in life","volume":"12","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"14","article-title":"Coping strategies of primary school students with specific learning disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Bagnato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Lit. Digit. Comp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2013.777530","article-title":"Evidence from full-inclusion model: The social position and sense of belonging of students with special educational needs and their peers in Italian primary school","volume":"28","author":"Nepi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Spec. Needs Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2018.1433242","article-title":"Fractured academic identities: Dyslexia, secondary education, self-esteem and school experiences","volume":"23","author":"Lithari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Incl. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949708","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.949708","article-title":"Proactive coping and social-emotional adjustment among students with and without learning disabilities in Kerala, India","volume":"13","author":"Deepthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0307-x","article-title":"The role of proactive coping strategies, time perspective, perceived efficacy on affect regulation, divergent thinking and family communication in promoting social well-being in emerging adulthood","volume":"16","author":"Zambianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoli, M.L., Ogbu, C.E., Enyi, C.O., Okoli, I.C., Wilson, R.E., and Kirby, R.S. (2022). Sociodemographic and socioeconomic correlates of learning disability in preterm children in the United States. BMC Publ. Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12592-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.05.003","article-title":"Predictors of the quantity and different qualities of home-based parental involvement: Evidence from parents of children with learning disabilities","volume":"49","author":"Yotyodying","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kuther, T.L. (2023). Lifespan Development: Lives in Context, Sage Publications. Available online: https:\/\/edge.sagepub.com\/sites\/default\/files\/12_KUTHER.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0716-2","article-title":"Understanding students\u2019 transition to high school: Demographic variation and the role of supportive relationships","volume":"46","author":"Benner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Backes, E.P., and Bonnie, R.J. (2019). The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth, National Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00379-8","article-title":"Does class matter? SES and psychosocial health among Hungarian adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Piko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"165","article-title":"Validation of the Hungarian Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in an adolescent clinical population","volume":"28","author":"Turi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psych. Hung."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Schwarzer, R. (1998). Advances in Health Psychology Research (Vols. CD-ROM), Free University of Berlin. Available online: https:\/\/estherg.info.yorku.ca\/files\/2014\/09\/pci.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alm\u00e1ssy, Z., P\u00e9k, G., Papp, G., and Greenglass, E.R. (2014). Proactive Coping Inventory--Hungarian Version (PCI-H), APA PsycTests. [Database Record].","DOI":"10.1037\/t65351-000"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"289","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the Hungarian version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-H)","volume":"15","author":"Martos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The Satisfaction with Life Scale","volume":"9","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2117","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in diagnosed learning disability among US children and adolescents from 1997 to 2021","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12353","article-title":"Age of onset and the subclassification of conduct\/dissocial disorder","volume":"56","author":"Silberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.037","article-title":"The neurobiology of the emotional adolescent: From the inside out","volume":"70","author":"Guyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110264","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 peer contacts promote life satisfaction in young adulthood\u2014A connection mediated by the subjective experience of not being lonely","volume":"167","author":"Kekkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Diff."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.08.017","article-title":"Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior","volume":"20","author":"Aknin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Op. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12691","article-title":"Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Arnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105314","article-title":"Long-term effects of the home literacy environment on reading development: Familial risk for dyslexia as a moderator","volume":"215","author":"Torppa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/11\/1741\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:37Z","timestamp":1760130757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/11\/1741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children10111741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10111741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}