{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:25:46Z","timestamp":1778678746751,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"E-DA hospital","award":["EDPJ111068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDPJ111068"]}]},{"name":"E-DA hospital","award":["EDAHP112024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHP112024"]}]},{"name":"E-DA hospital","award":["EDAHS112025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHS112025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major respiratory condition mainly affecting premature infants. Although its occurrence is global, risk factors may differ regionally. This study, involving 3111 infants with birth weight \u2264 1500 gm or gestational age (GA) &lt; 30 weeks, aimed to identify risk factors for BPD and BPD\/mortality in Taiwan using data from the Taiwan Neonatal Network. The BPD criteria were based on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development standards. Average GA was 27.5 weeks, with 23.7% classified as small for GA (SGA). Multivariate analysis highlighted low GA, low birth weight, and other perinatal factors as significant risk indicators for BPD. For moderate-to-severe BPD, additional risk factors included male gender and SGA, endotracheal intubation (ETT) or cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in initial resuscitation. In the moderate-to-severe BPD\/death group, SGA and ETT or CPCR in initial resuscitation remained the only additional risk factors. The study pinpoints male gender, SGA and ETT or CPCR as key risk factors for moderate-to-severe BPD\/death in low-birth-weight infants in Taiwan, offering a basis for focused interventions and further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10111822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T09:10:38Z","timestamp":1700212238000},"page":"1822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants in Taiwan: A Four-Year Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lin-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-I","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chyi-Her","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"San-Nan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Kuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jau-Ling","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yung-Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2959","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the nichd neonatal research network","volume":"126","author":"Stoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2009.08.004","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"14","author":"Doyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. 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