{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:36:06Z","timestamp":1774971366542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Robert-Enke Foundation, Barsinghausen, Germany","award":["F\/28\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/28\/19"]}]},{"name":"German Foundation of Heart Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","award":["F\/28\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/28\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ventricular septal defect (VSD) represents the most common congenital heart defect (CHD). The diagnosis of and cardiac surgery for their child\u2019s VSD are highly stressful experiences for parents; especially mothers, who are at risk of developing long-lasting stress-related symptoms. This study examined long-term alterations in maternal stress including self-reported psychological and biophysiological stress levels in a case-control design. We investigated 24 mothers of children with an isolated, surgically corrected VSD compared to non-affected controls. Maternal self-reports on psychopathology, everyday stress, parenting stress and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) were measured during children\u2019s primary school age (6\u20139 years, t1) and early adolescence (10\u201314 years, t2). In maternal self-reports, psychopathology and stress symptoms in the VSD-group and controls were comparable at t1, whereas at t2, mothers in the VSD-group even showed a decrease in psychopathology. Maternal HCC levels in the VSD-group were significantly lower (hypocortisolism) than HCC levels of controls at t1. This effect was no longer observed at t2 reflecting an approximation of HCC levels in the VSD-group to controls\u2019 levels. This study highlights the potential for improved stress hormone balance and psychological well-being in mothers following their child\u2019s surgical VSD repair. However, the need for parent-centered interventions is discussed, particularly during peri-operative phases and in early child developmental stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10121832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T01:48:45Z","timestamp":1700531325000},"page":"1832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Effects of Child Early Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect Repair on Maternal Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena S.","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Plank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mestermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariawan","family":"Purbojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Cesnjevar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Pediatric Heart Center, University Children\u2019s Hospital, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5584-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Eichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309302","article-title":"Changing landscape of congenital heart disease","volume":"120","author":"Bouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. 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